PythonQt.cpp

/*
*
*  Copyright (C) 2010 MeVis Medical Solutions AG All Rights Reserved.
*
*  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
*  modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
*  License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
*  version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
*  This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
*  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
*  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
*  Lesser General Public License for more details.
*
*  Further, this software is distributed without any warranty that it is
*  free of the rightful claim of any third person regarding infringement
*  or the like.  Any license provided herein, whether implied or
*  otherwise, applies only to this software file.  Patent licenses, if
*  any, provided herein do not apply to combinations of this program with
*  other software, or any other product whatsoever.
*
*  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
*  License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
*  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
*
*  Contact information: MeVis Medical Solutions AG, Universitaetsallee 29,
*  28359 Bremen, Germany or:
*
*  http://www.mevis.de
*
*/

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/*!
// \file    PythonQt.cpp
// \author  Florian Link
// \author  Last changed by $Author: florian $
// \date    2006-05
*/
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#include "PythonQt.h"
#include "PythonQtImporter.h"
#include "PythonQtClassInfo.h"
#include "PythonQtMethodInfo.h"
#include "PythonQtSignal.h"
#include "PythonQtSignalReceiver.h"
#include "PythonQtConversion.h"
#include "PythonQtProperty.h"
#include "PythonQtStdIn.h"
#include "PythonQtStdOut.h"
#include "PythonQtCppWrapperFactory.h"
#include "PythonQtVariants.h"
#include "PythonQtStdDecorators.h"
#include "PythonQtQFileImporter.h"
#include "PythonQtBoolResult.h"
#include "PythonQtSlotDecorator.h"

#include <QDir>

#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A0000
#include <cpython/pydebug.h>
#else
#include <pydebug.h>
#endif

// .co_varnames was removed in 3.11, but the helper function was added
#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B0000
static inline PyObject *PyCode_GetVarnames(PyCodeObject *o) {
  Py_XINCREF(o->co_varnames);
  return o->co_varnames;
}
#endif

#include <vector>

PythonQt* PythonQt::_self = nullptr;
int       PythonQt::_uniqueModuleCount = 0;

void PythonQt_init_QtGuiBuiltin(PyObject*);
void PythonQt_init_QtCoreBuiltin(PyObject*);


void PythonQt::init(int flags, const QByteArray& pythonQtModuleName)
{
  if (!_self) {
    _self = new PythonQt(flags, pythonQtModuleName);

    _self->_p->_PythonQtObjectPtr_metaId = qRegisterMetaType<PythonQtObjectPtr>("PythonQtObjectPtr");
    PythonQtConv::registerMetaTypeToPythonConverter(_self->_p->_PythonQtObjectPtr_metaId, PythonQtConv::convertFromPythonQtObjectPtr);
    PythonQtConv::registerPythonToMetaTypeConverter(_self->_p->_PythonQtObjectPtr_metaId, PythonQtConv::convertToPythonQtObjectPtr);
    _self->_p->_PythonQtSafeObjectPtr_metaId = qRegisterMetaType<PythonQtSafeObjectPtr>("PythonQtSafeObjectPtr");
    PythonQtConv::registerMetaTypeToPythonConverter(_self->_p->_PythonQtSafeObjectPtr_metaId, PythonQtConv::convertFromPythonQtSafeObjectPtr);
    PythonQtConv::registerPythonToMetaTypeConverter(_self->_p->_PythonQtSafeObjectPtr_metaId, PythonQtConv::convertToPythonQtSafeObjectPtr);

    PythonQtObjectPtr importlib;
    importlib.setNewRef(PyImport_ImportModule("importlib.machinery"));

    if (importlib) {
      _self->_p->_pySourceFileLoader = importlib.getVariable("SourceFileLoader");
      _self->_p->_pySourcelessFileLoader = importlib.getVariable("SourcelessFileLoader");
    }

#ifdef PY3K
    PythonQtObjectPtr asyncio;
    asyncio.setNewRef(PyImport_ImportModule("asyncio"));
    if (asyncio)
    {
      _self->_p->_pyEnsureFuture = asyncio.getVariable("ensure_future");
      _self->_p->_pyFutureClass = asyncio.getVariable("Future");
    }
#endif

    PythonQt::priv()->setupSharedLibrarySuffixes();

    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QObjectList", "QList<QObject*>");
    qRegisterMetaType<QList<QObject*> >("QList<void*>");
    qRegisterMetaType<QObjectList>("QObjectList");
    qRegisterMetaType<QList<QObject*> >("QList<QObject*>");
    if (QT_POINTER_SIZE == 8) {
      qRegisterMetaType<quint64>("size_t");
    } else {
      qRegisterMetaType<quint32>("size_t");
    }
    PythonQtConv::registerStringViewTypes();

    int objectPtrListId = qRegisterMetaType<QList<PythonQtObjectPtr> >("QList<PythonQtObjectPtr>");
    PythonQtConv::registerMetaTypeToPythonConverter(objectPtrListId, PythonQtConv::convertFromQListOfPythonQtObjectPtr);
    PythonQtConv::registerPythonToMetaTypeConverter(objectPtrListId, PythonQtConv::convertToQListOfPythonQtObjectPtr);

    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverter(int);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverter(bool);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverter(float);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverter(double);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverter(qint32);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverter(quint32);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverter(qint64);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverter(quint64);
    
#ifdef PYTHONQT_SUPPORT_ML_TYPES
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<MLfloat>", "QList<float>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<MLfloat>", "QVector<float>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<MLdouble>", "QList<double>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<MLdouble>", "QVector<double>");

    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<MLuint32>", "QList<quint32>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<MLuint32>", "QVector<quint32>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<MLint32>", "QList<qint32>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<MLint32>", "QVector<qint32>");

    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<MLuint64>", "QList<quint64>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<MLuint64>", "QVector<quint64>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<MLint64>", "QList<qint64>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<MLint64>", "QVector<qint64>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<MLuint>", "QList<quint64>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<MLuint>", "QVector<quint64>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<MLint>", "QList<qint64>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<MLint>", "QVector<qint64>");
#endif

    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<qreal>", "QList<double>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<qreal>", "QVector<double>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<unsigned int>", "QList<quint32>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<unsigned int>", "QVector<quint32>");
    // Qt 4 uses uint, while Qt 5 uses unsigned int, seems to be a moc change...
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<uint>", "QList<quint32>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<uint>", "QVector<quint32>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<int>", "QList<qint32>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<int>", "QVector<qint32>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<GLint>", "QList<qint32>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<GLint>", "QVector<qint32>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<GLuint>", "QList<qint32>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<GLuint>", "QVector<quint32>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<GLuint64>", "QList<quint64>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<GLuint64>", "QVector<quint64>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<GLint64>", "QList<qint64>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<GLint64>", "QVector<qint64>");

    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<QLocale::Country>", "QList<int>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<Qt::DayOfWeek>", "QList<int>");

    // register some QPairs that are used in the Qt interfaces:
    PythonQtRegisterQPairConverter(int, int);
    PythonQtRegisterQPairConverter(float, float);
    PythonQtRegisterQPairConverter(double, double);
    PythonQtRegisterQPairConverter(QString, QString);
    PythonQtRegisterQPairConverter(QByteArray, QByteArray);
    PythonQtRegisterQPairConverter(double, QColor);
    PythonQtRegisterQPairConverter(double, QPointF);
    PythonQtRegisterQPairConverter(double, QVariant);
    PythonQtRegisterQPairConverter(QString, QSizeF);
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QPair<qreal,qreal>", "QPair<double,double>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QPair<qreal,QColor>", "QPair<double,QColor>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QPair<qreal,QPointF>", "QPair<double,QPointF>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QPair<qreal,QVariant>", "QPair<double,QVariant>");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QPair<QOpenGLTexture::Filter,QOpenGLTexture::Filter>", "QPair<int,int>");

    // register some QList/QVector of QPairs that are used in the Qt interfaces:
    PythonQtRegisterListTemplateQPairConverter(QVector, double, QVariant);
    PythonQtRegisterListTemplateQPairConverter(QVector, double, QColor);
    // NOTE: the extra space between the > is needed (and added by the moc)
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<QPair<qreal,QVariant> >", "QVector<QPair<double,QVariant> >");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QVector<QPair<qreal,QColor> >", "QVector<QPair<double,QColor> >");

    PythonQtRegisterListTemplateQPairConverter(QList, QByteArray, QByteArray);
    PythonQtRegisterListTemplateQPairConverter(QList, QString, QString);
    PythonQtRegisterListTemplateQPairConverter(QList, QString, QSizeF);
    PythonQtRegisterListTemplateQPairConverter(QList, double, QPointF);
    PythonQtRegisterListTemplateQPairConverter(QList, double, double);
    // NOTE: the extra space between the > is needed (and added by the moc)
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<QPair<qreal,QPointF> >", "QList<QPair<double,QPointF> >");
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QList<QPair<qreal,qreal> >", "QList<QPair<double,double> >");

    PythonQtRegisterIntegerMapConverter(QMap, QByteArray);
    PythonQtRegisterIntegerMapConverter(QMap, QVariant);
    PythonQtRegisterIntegerMapConverter(QMap, QString);
    PythonQtRegisterIntegerMapConverter(QHash, QByteArray);
    PythonQtRegisterIntegerMapConverter(QHash, QVariant);
    PythonQtRegisterIntegerMapConverter(QHash, QString);
    PythonQtMethodInfo::addParameterTypeAlias("QHash<QNetworkRequest::Attribute,QVariant>", "QHash<int,QVariant>");

    PythonQt_init_QtCoreBuiltin(nullptr);
    PythonQt_init_QtGuiBuiltin(nullptr);

    PythonQt::self()->addDecorators(new PythonQtStdDecorators());
    PythonQt::self()->registerCPPClass("QMetaObject",nullptr, "QtCore", PythonQtCreateObject<PythonQtWrapper_QMetaObject>);

    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QByteArray);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QDate);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QTime);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QDateTime);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QUrl);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QLocale);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QRect);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QRectF);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QSize);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QSizeF);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QLine);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QLineF);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QPoint);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QPointF);
#if QT_VERSION < 0x060000
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QRegExp);
#endif
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QRegularExpression);

    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QFont);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QPixmap);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QBrush);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QColor);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QPalette);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QIcon);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QImage);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QPolygon);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QRegion);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QBitmap);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QCursor);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QSizePolicy);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QKeySequence);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QPen);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QTextLength);
    PythonQtRegisterToolClassesTemplateConverterForKnownClass(QTextFormat);

    PyObject* pack = PythonQt::priv()->packageByName("QtCore");
    PyObject* pack2 = PythonQt::priv()->packageByName("Qt");
    PyObject* qtNamespace = PythonQt::priv()->getClassInfo("Qt")->pythonQtClassWrapper();
    const char* names[16] = {"SIGNAL", "SLOT", "qAbs", "qBound","qDebug","qWarning","qCritical","qFatal"
                        ,"qFuzzyCompare", "qMax","qMin","qRound","qRound64","qVersion","qrand","qsrand"};
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < sizeof(names) / sizeof(names[0]); i++) {
      PyObject* obj = PyObject_GetAttrString(qtNamespace, names[i]);
      if (obj) {
        if (PyModule_AddObject(pack, names[i], obj) < 0) {
          std::cerr << "failed to add " << names[i] << " to QtCore\n";
        } else {
          Py_INCREF(obj);
        }
        if(PyModule_AddObject(pack2, names[i], obj) < 0) {
          Py_DECREF(obj);
          std::cerr << "failed to add " << names[i] << " to Qt\n";
        }
      } else {
        std::cerr << "method not found " << names[i] << std::endl;
      }
    }
    int enumValues[] = {
      QtDebugMsg,
      QtWarningMsg,
      QtCriticalMsg,
      QtFatalMsg,
      QtSystemMsg
    };
    const char* enumNames[] = {
      "QtDebugMsg",
      "QtWarningMsg",
      "QtCriticalMsg",
      "QtFatalMsg",
      "QtSystemMsg"
    };
    
    for (auto i = 0u; i < sizeof(enumValues)/sizeof(int); i++) {
      PyObject* obj = PyInt_FromLong(enumValues[i]);
      if (PyModule_AddObject(pack, enumNames[i], obj) == 0) {
        Py_INCREF(obj);
      }
      if (PyModule_AddObject(pack2, enumNames[i], obj) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(obj);
      }
    }

    _self->priv()->pythonQtModule().addObject("Debug", _self->priv()->_debugAPI);
    _self->priv()->pythonQtModule().addObject("Config", _self->priv()->_configAPI);

    Py_INCREF((PyObject*)&PythonQtSlotDecorator_Type);
    Py_INCREF((PyObject*)&PythonQtSignalFunction_Type);
    Py_INCREF((PyObject*)&PythonQtProperty_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(pack, "Slot", (PyObject*)&PythonQtSlotDecorator_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(pack, "Signal", (PyObject*)&PythonQtSignalFunction_Type);
    PyModule_AddObject(pack, "Property", (PyObject*)&PythonQtProperty_Type);

  }
}

void PythonQt::cleanup()
{
  if (_self) {
    delete _self;
    _self = nullptr;
  }
}

PythonQt* PythonQt::self() { return _self; }

PythonQt::PythonQt(int flags, const QByteArray& pythonQtModuleName)
{
  _p = new PythonQtPrivate;
  _p->_initFlags = flags;

  if ((flags & PythonAlreadyInitialized) == 0) {
#ifdef PY3K
    Py_SetProgramName(const_cast<wchar_t*>(L"PythonQt"));
#else
    Py_SetProgramName(const_cast<char*>("PythonQt"));
#endif
    if (flags & IgnoreSiteModule) {
      // this prevents the automatic importing of Python site files
      Py_NoSiteFlag = 1;
    }
    Py_Initialize();
  }

  // add our own python object types for qt object slots
  if (PyType_Ready(&PythonQtSlotFunction_Type) < 0) {
    std::cerr << "could not initialize PythonQtSlotFunction_Type" << ", in " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << std::endl;
  }
  Py_INCREF(&PythonQtSlotFunction_Type);

  if (PyType_Ready(&PythonQtSignalFunction_Type) < 0) {
    std::cerr << "could not initialize PythonQtSignalFunction_Type" << ", in " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << std::endl;
  }
  Py_INCREF(&PythonQtSignalFunction_Type);

  if (PyType_Ready(&PythonQtSlotDecorator_Type) < 0) {
    std::cerr << "could not initialize PythonQtSlotDecorator_Type" << ", in " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << std::endl;
  }
  Py_INCREF(&PythonQtSlotDecorator_Type);

  if (PyType_Ready(&PythonQtProperty_Type) < 0) {
    std::cerr << "could not initialize PythonQtProperty_Type" << ", in " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << std::endl;
  }
  Py_INCREF(&PythonQtProperty_Type);

  PythonQtBoolResult_Type.tp_new = PyType_GenericNew;
  if (PyType_Ready(&PythonQtBoolResult_Type) < 0) {
    std::cerr << "could not initialize PythonQtBoolResult_Type" << ", in " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << std::endl;
  }
  Py_INCREF(&PythonQtBoolResult_Type);

  // according to Python docs, set the type late here, since it can not safely be stored in the struct when declaring it
  PythonQtClassWrapper_Type.tp_base = &PyType_Type;
  // add our own python object types for classes
  if (PyType_Ready(&PythonQtClassWrapper_Type) < 0) {
    std::cerr << "could not initialize PythonQtClassWrapper_Type" << ", in " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << std::endl;
  }
  Py_INCREF(&PythonQtClassWrapper_Type);

  // add our own python object types for CPP instances
  if (PyType_Ready(&PythonQtInstanceWrapper_Type) < 0) {
    PythonQt::handleError();
    std::cerr << "could not initialize PythonQtInstanceWrapper_Type" << ", in " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << std::endl;
  }
  Py_INCREF(&PythonQtInstanceWrapper_Type);

  // add our own python object types for redirection of stdout
  if (PyType_Ready(&PythonQtStdOutRedirectType) < 0) {
    std::cerr << "could not initialize PythonQtStdOutRedirectType" << ", in " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << std::endl;
  }
  Py_INCREF(&PythonQtStdOutRedirectType);

  // add our own python object types for redirection of stdin
  if (PyType_Ready(&PythonQtStdInRedirectType) < 0) {
    std::cerr << "could not initialize PythonQtStdInRedirectType" << ", in " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << std::endl;
  }
  Py_INCREF(&PythonQtStdInRedirectType);

  initPythonQtModule(flags & RedirectStdOut, pythonQtModuleName);
}

PythonQt::~PythonQt() {
  delete _p;
  _p = nullptr;
}

PythonQtPrivate::~PythonQtPrivate() {
  delete _defaultImporter;
  _defaultImporter = nullptr;

  {
    qDeleteAll(_knownClassInfos);
  }

  PythonQtMethodInfo::cleanupCachedMethodInfos();
  PythonQtArgumentFrame::cleanupFreeList();
}

void PythonQtPrivate::setTaskDoneCallback(const PythonQtObjectPtr & callable)
{
  _pyTaskDoneCallback = callable;
}

PythonQtObjectPtr PythonQtPrivate::checkAndRunCoroutine(const PythonQtObjectPtr& object)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr result;
#ifdef PY3K
  if (!PyCoro_CheckExact(object))
  {
    return result;
  }

  if (!_pyEnsureFuture)
  {
    std::cerr << "PythonQt: ensure_future not initialized" << std::endl;
    return PythonQtObjectPtr();
  }
  PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
  PyObject* coro = object.object();
  Py_INCREF(coro);
  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, coro);
  PyObject* r = PyObject_CallObject(_pyEnsureFuture, args);
  result.setNewRef(r);
  if (_pyTaskDoneCallback) {
    PyObject* methodName = PyUnicode_FromString("add_done_callback");
    PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(r, methodName, _pyTaskDoneCallback.object(), nullptr);
    Py_XDECREF(methodName);
  }
  Py_XDECREF(args);
#else
  Q_UNUSED(object)
#endif
  return result;
}

PythonQtObjectPtr PythonQtPrivate::createAsyncioFuture()
{
  if (!_pyFutureClass)
  {
    std::cerr << "PythonQt: _pyFutureClass not initialized" << std::endl;
    return nullptr;
  }
  return _pyFutureClass.call();
}

void PythonQt::setRedirectStdInCallback(PythonQtInputChangedCB* callback, void * callbackData)
{
  if (!callback) {
    std::cerr << "PythonQt::setRedirectStdInCallback - callback parameter is NULL !" << std::endl;
    return;
  }

  PythonQtObjectPtr sys;
  PythonQtObjectPtr in;
  sys.setNewRef(PyImport_ImportModule("sys"));

  // Backup original 'sys.stdin' if not yet done
  if( !PyObject_HasAttrString(sys.object(), "pythonqt_original_stdin") ) {
    PyObject_SetAttrString(sys.object(), "pythonqt_original_stdin", PyObject_GetAttrString(sys.object(), "stdin"));
  }

  in = PythonQtStdInRedirectType.tp_new(&PythonQtStdInRedirectType, nullptr, nullptr);
  ((PythonQtStdInRedirect*)in.object())->_cb = callback;
  ((PythonQtStdInRedirect*)in.object())->_callData = callbackData;
  // replace the built in file objects with our own objects
  PyModule_AddObject(sys.object(), "stdin", in);

  // Backup custom 'stdin' into 'pythonqt_stdin'
  Py_INCREF(in); // AddObject steals the reference, so increment it
  PyModule_AddObject(sys.object(), "pythonqt_stdin", in);
}

void PythonQt::setRedirectStdInCallbackEnabled(bool enabled)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr sys;
  sys.setNewRef(PyImport_ImportModule("sys"));

  if (enabled) {
    if( !PyObject_HasAttrString(sys.object(), "pythonqt_stdin") ) {
      PyObject_SetAttrString(sys.object(), "stdin", PyObject_GetAttrString(sys.object(), "pythonqt_stdin"));
    }
  } else {
    if( !PyObject_HasAttrString(sys.object(), "pythonqt_original_stdin") ) {
      PyObject_SetAttrString(sys.object(), "stdin", PyObject_GetAttrString(sys.object(), "pythonqt_original_stdin"));
    }
  }
}

PythonQtImportFileInterface* PythonQt::importInterface()
{
  return _self->_p->_importInterface?_self->_p->_importInterface:_self->_p->_defaultImporter;
}

void PythonQt::qObjectNoLongerWrappedCB(QObject* o)
{
  if (_self->_p->_noLongerWrappedCB) {
    (*_self->_p->_noLongerWrappedCB)(o);
  }
}

void PythonQt::setQObjectMissingAttributeCallback(PythonQtQObjectMissingAttributeCB* cb)
{
  _self->_p->_qObjectMissingAttribCB = cb;
}

QString PythonQt::qObjectMissingAttributeCallback(QObject* o, const QString& attribute)
{
  if (_self && _self->_p && _self->_p->_qObjectMissingAttribCB) {
    return _self->_p->_qObjectMissingAttribCB(o, attribute);
  } else {
    return QString();
  }
}

void PythonQt::registerClass(const QMetaObject* metaobject, const char* package, PythonQtQObjectCreatorFunctionCB* wrapperCreator, PythonQtShellSetInstanceWrapperCB* shell)
{
  _p->registerClass(metaobject, package, wrapperCreator, shell);
}

void PythonQtPrivate::registerClass(const QMetaObject* metaobject, const char* package, PythonQtQObjectCreatorFunctionCB* wrapperCreator, PythonQtShellSetInstanceWrapperCB* shell, PyObject* module, int typeSlots)
{
  // we register all classes in the hierarchy
  const QMetaObject* m = metaobject;
  bool first = true;
  while (m) {
    PythonQtClassInfo* info = lookupClassInfoAndCreateIfNotPresent(m->className());
    if (!info->pythonQtClassWrapper()) {
      info->setTypeSlots(typeSlots);
      info->setupQObject(m);
      createPythonQtClassWrapper(info, package, module);
      if (m->superClass()) {
        PythonQtClassInfo* parentInfo = lookupClassInfoAndCreateIfNotPresent(m->superClass()->className());
        info->addParentClass(PythonQtClassInfo::ParentClassInfo(parentInfo));
      }
    } else if (first && (module || (package && package[0]))) {
      // There is a wrapper already, but if we got a module, we want to place the wrapper into that module as well,
      // since it might have been placed into "private" earlier on.
      // If the wrapper was already added to module before, it is just readded, which does no harm.
      PyObject* classWrapper = info->pythonQtClassWrapper();
      // AddObject steals a reference, so we need to INCREF
      Py_INCREF(classWrapper);
      PyObject* pack = module ? module : packageByName(package); // same logic like in createPythonQtClassWrapper
      if (PyModule_AddObject(pack, info->className(), classWrapper) < 0) {
         Py_DECREF(classWrapper);
      }
    }
    if (first) {
      first = false;
      if (wrapperCreator) {
        info->setDecoratorProvider(wrapperCreator);
      }
      if (shell) {
        info->setShellSetInstanceWrapperCB(shell);
      }
    }
    m = m->superClass();
  }
}

void PythonQtPrivate::createPythonQtClassWrapper(PythonQtClassInfo* info, const char* package, PyObject* module)
{
  QByteArray pythonClassName = info->className();
  int nestedClassIndex = pythonClassName.indexOf("::");
  bool isNested = false;
  if (nestedClassIndex>0) {
    pythonClassName = pythonClassName.mid(nestedClassIndex + 2);
    isNested = true;
  }

  PyObject* pack = module?module:packageByName(package);
  PyObject* pyobj = (PyObject*)createNewPythonQtClassWrapper(info, pack, pythonClassName);

  if (isNested) {
    QByteArray outerClass = QByteArray(info->className()).mid(0, nestedClassIndex);
    PythonQtClassInfo* outerClassInfo = lookupClassInfoAndCreateIfNotPresent(outerClass);
    outerClassInfo->addNestedClass(info);
  } else {
    if (PyModule_AddObject(pack, info->className(), pyobj) == 0) {
      // since PyModule_AddObject steals the reference, we need a incref once more...
      Py_INCREF(pyobj);
    }
  }
  if (!module && package && strncmp(package, "Qt", 2) == 0) {
    // put all qt objects into Qt as well
    if (PyModule_AddObject(packageByName("Qt"), info->className(), pyobj) == 0) {
      // since PyModule_AddObject steals the reference, we need a incref once more...
      Py_INCREF(pyobj);
    }
  }
  info->setPythonQtClassWrapper(pyobj);
}

PyObject* PythonQtPrivate::wrapQObject(QObject* obj)
{
  if (!obj) {
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
  }
  PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrap = findWrapperAndRemoveUnused(obj);
  if (wrap && wrap->_wrappedPtr) {
    // uh oh, we want to wrap a QObject, but have a C++ wrapper at that
    // address, so probably that C++ wrapper has been deleted earlier and
    // now we see a QObject with the same address.
    // Do not use the old wrapper anymore.
    wrap = nullptr;
  }
  if (!wrap) {
    // smuggling it in...
    PythonQtClassInfo* classInfo = _knownClassInfos.value(obj->metaObject()->className());
    if (!classInfo || classInfo->pythonQtClassWrapper()==nullptr) {
      registerClass(obj->metaObject());
      classInfo = _knownClassInfos.value(obj->metaObject()->className());
    }
    wrap = createNewPythonQtInstanceWrapper(obj, classInfo);
    //    mlabDebugConst("MLABPython","new qobject wrapper added " << " " << wrap->_obj->className() << " " << wrap->classInfo()->wrappedClassName().latin1());
  } else {
    Py_INCREF(wrap);
    //    mlabDebugConst("MLABPython","qobject wrapper reused " << wrap->_obj->className() << " " << wrap->classInfo()->wrappedClassName().latin1());
  }
  return (PyObject*)wrap;
}

PyObject* PythonQtPrivate::wrapPtr(void* ptr, const QByteArray& name, bool passOwnership)
{
  if (!ptr) {
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
  }

  PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrap = findWrapperAndRemoveUnused(ptr);
  PythonQtInstanceWrapper* possibleStillAliveWrapper = nullptr;
  if (wrap && wrap->_wrappedPtr) {
    // we have a previous C++ wrapper... if the wrapper is for a C++ object,
    // we are not sure if it may have been deleted earlier and we just see the same C++
    // pointer once again. To make sure that we do not reuse a wrapper of the wrong type,
    // we compare the classInfo() pointer and only reuse the wrapper if it has the same
    // info. This is only needed for non-QObjects, since we know it when a QObject gets deleted.
    possibleStillAliveWrapper = wrap;
    wrap = nullptr;
  }
  if (!wrap) {
    PythonQtClassInfo* info = getClassInfo(name);
    if (!info) {
      // maybe it is a PyObject, which we can return directly
      if (name == "PyObject") {
        // do not increment its ref-count, it is the job of the slot returning the value
        // to ensure an extra ref on return.
        return (PyObject*)ptr;
      }

      // we do not know the metaobject yet, but we might know it by its name:
      if (_knownQObjectClassNames.find(name)!=_knownQObjectClassNames.end()) {
        // yes, we know it, so we can convert to QObject
        QObject* qptr = (QObject*)ptr;
        registerClass(qptr->metaObject());
        info = _knownClassInfos.value(qptr->metaObject()->className());
      }
    }
    if (info && info->isQObject()) {
      QObject* qptr = (QObject*)ptr;
      // if the object is a derived object, we want to switch the class info to the one of the derived class:
      if (name!=(qptr->metaObject()->className())) {
        info = _knownClassInfos.value(qptr->metaObject()->className());
        if (!info || (info->pythonQtClassWrapper() == nullptr)) {
          registerClass(qptr->metaObject());
          info = _knownClassInfos.value(qptr->metaObject()->className());
        }
      }
      wrap = createNewPythonQtInstanceWrapper(qptr, info);
      wrap->_ownedByPythonQt = passOwnership;
      //    mlabDebugConst("MLABPython","new qobject wrapper added " << " " << wrap->_obj->className() << " " << wrap->classInfo()->wrappedClassName().latin1());
      return (PyObject*)wrap;
    }

    // not a known QObject, try to wrap via foreign wrapper factories 
    PyObject* foreignWrapper = nullptr;
    for (int i=0; i<_foreignWrapperFactories.size(); i++) {
      foreignWrapper = _foreignWrapperFactories.at(i)->wrap(name, ptr);
      if (foreignWrapper) {
        return foreignWrapper;
      }
    }

    // not a known QObject, so try our wrapper factory:
    QObject* wrapper = nullptr;
    for (int i=0; i<_cppWrapperFactories.size(); i++) {
      wrapper = _cppWrapperFactories.at(i)->create(name, ptr);
      if (wrapper) {
        break;
      }
    }

    if (info) {
      // try to downcast in the class hierarchy, which will modify info and ptr if it is successfull
      ptr  = info->castDownIfPossible(ptr, &info);

      // if downcasting found out that the object is a QObject,
      // handle it like one:
      if (info && info->isQObject()) {
        QObject* qptr = (QObject*)ptr;
        // if the object is a derived object, we want to switch the class info to the one of the derived class:
        if (name!=(qptr->metaObject()->className())) {
          registerClass(qptr->metaObject());
          info = _knownClassInfos.value(qptr->metaObject()->className());
        }
        wrap = createNewPythonQtInstanceWrapper(qptr, info);
        wrap->_ownedByPythonQt = passOwnership;
        //    mlabDebugConst("MLABPython","new qobject wrapper added " << " " << wrap->_obj->className() << " " << wrap->classInfo()->wrappedClassName().latin1());
        return (PyObject*)wrap;
      }
    }

    if (!info || info->pythonQtClassWrapper()==nullptr) {
      // still unknown, register as CPP class
      registerCPPClass(name.constData());
      info = _knownClassInfos.value(name);
    }
    if (wrapper && (info->metaObject() != wrapper->metaObject())) {
      // if we a have a QObject wrapper and the metaobjects do not match, set the metaobject again!
      info->setMetaObject(wrapper->metaObject());
    }

    if (possibleStillAliveWrapper && possibleStillAliveWrapper->classInfo()->inherits(info)) {
      wrap = possibleStillAliveWrapper;
      Py_INCREF(wrap);
    } else {
      wrap = createNewPythonQtInstanceWrapper(wrapper, info, ptr);
      wrap->_ownedByPythonQt = passOwnership;
    }
    //          mlabDebugConst("MLABPython","new c++ wrapper added " << wrap->_wrappedPtr << " " << wrap->_obj->className() << " " << wrap->classInfo()->wrappedClassName().latin1());
  } else {
    Py_INCREF(wrap);
    //mlabDebugConst("MLABPython","c++ wrapper reused " << wrap->_wrappedPtr << " " << wrap->_obj->className() << " " << wrap->classInfo()->wrappedClassName().latin1());
  }
  return (PyObject*)wrap;
}

PyObject* PythonQtPrivate::dummyTuple() {
  static PyObject* dummyTuple = nullptr;
  if (dummyTuple==nullptr) {
    dummyTuple = PyTuple_New(1);
    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(dummyTuple, 0 , PyString_FromString("dummy"));
  }
  return dummyTuple;
}


PythonQtInstanceWrapper* PythonQtPrivate::createNewPythonQtInstanceWrapper(QObject* obj, PythonQtClassInfo* info, void* wrappedPtr) {
  // call the associated class type to create a new instance...
  PythonQtInstanceWrapper* result = (PythonQtInstanceWrapper*)PyObject_Call(info->pythonQtClassWrapper(), dummyTuple(), nullptr);

  result->setQObject(obj);
  result->_wrappedPtr = wrappedPtr;
  result->_ownedByPythonQt = false;
  result->_useQMetaTypeDestroy = false;

  if (wrappedPtr || obj) {

    // if this object is reference counted, we ref it:
    PythonQtVoidPtrCB* refCB = info->referenceCountingRefCB();
    if (refCB) {
      (*refCB)(wrappedPtr);
    }

    if (wrappedPtr) {
      _wrappedObjects.insert(wrappedPtr, result);
    } else {
      _wrappedObjects.insert(obj, result);
      if (obj->parent()== nullptr && _wrappedCB) {
        // tell someone who is interested that the qobject is wrapped the first time, if it has no parent
        (*_wrappedCB)(obj);
      }
    }
  }
  return result;
}

PythonQtClassWrapper* PythonQtPrivate::createNewPythonQtClassWrapper(PythonQtClassInfo* info, PyObject* parentModule, const QByteArray& pythonClassName) {
  PythonQtClassWrapper* result;

  PyObject* className = PyString_FromString(pythonClassName.constData());

  PyObject* baseClasses = PyTuple_New(1);
  Py_INCREF((PyObject*)&PythonQtInstanceWrapper_Type);
  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(baseClasses, 0, (PyObject*)&PythonQtInstanceWrapper_Type);

  PyObject* typeDict = PyDict_New();
  PyObject* moduleName = PyObject_GetAttrString(parentModule, "__name__");
  PyDict_SetItemString(typeDict, "__module__", moduleName);

  PyObject* args  = Py_BuildValue("OOO", className, baseClasses, typeDict);

  // set the class info so that PythonQtClassWrapper_new can read it
  _currentClassInfoForClassWrapperCreation = info;
  // create the new type object by calling the type
  result = (PythonQtClassWrapper *)PyObject_Call((PyObject *)&PythonQtClassWrapper_Type, args, nullptr);

  Py_DECREF(baseClasses);
  Py_DECREF(typeDict);
  Py_DECREF(moduleName);
  Py_DECREF(args);
  Py_DECREF(className);

  return result;
}

PyObject*  PythonQtPrivate::createEnumValueInstance(PyObject* enumType, unsigned int enumValue)
{
  PyObject* args = Py_BuildValue("(i)", enumValue);
  PyObject* result = PyObject_Call(enumType, args, nullptr);
  Py_DECREF(args);
  return result;
}

PyObject* PythonQtPrivate::createNewPythonQtEnumWrapper(const char* enumName, PyObject* parentObject) {
  PyObject* result;

  PyObject* className = PyString_FromString(enumName);

  PyObject* baseClasses = PyTuple_New(1);
  Py_INCREF(&PyInt_Type);
  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(baseClasses, 0, (PyObject*)&PyInt_Type);

  PyObject* module = PyObject_GetAttrString(parentObject, "__module__");
  PyObject* typeDict = PyDict_New();
  PyDict_SetItemString(typeDict, "__module__", module);

  PyObject* args  = Py_BuildValue("OOO", className, baseClasses, typeDict);

  // create the new int derived type object by calling the core type
  result = PyObject_Call((PyObject *)&PyType_Type, args, nullptr);

  Py_DECREF(baseClasses);
  Py_DECREF(module);
  Py_DECREF(typeDict);
  Py_DECREF(args);
  Py_DECREF(className);

  return result;
}

PythonQtSignalReceiver* PythonQt::getSignalReceiver(QObject* obj)
{
  PythonQtSignalReceiver* r = _p->_signalReceivers[obj];
  if (!r) {
    r = new PythonQtSignalReceiver(obj);
    _p->_signalReceivers.insert(obj, r);
  }
  return r;
}

bool PythonQt::addSignalHandler(QObject* obj, const char* signal, PyObject* module, const QString& objectname)
{
  bool flag = false;
  PythonQtObjectPtr callable = lookupCallable(module, objectname);
  if (callable) {
    PythonQtSignalReceiver* r = getSignalReceiver(obj);
    flag = r->addSignalHandler(signal, callable);
    if (!flag) {
      // signal not found
    }
  } else {
    // callable not found
  }
  return flag;
}

bool PythonQt::addSignalHandler(QObject* obj, const char* signal, PyObject* receiver)
{
  bool flag = false;
  PythonQtSignalReceiver* r = getSignalReceiver(obj);
  if (r) {
    flag = r->addSignalHandler(signal, receiver);
  }
  return flag;
}

bool PythonQt::removeSignalHandler(QObject* obj, const char* signal, PyObject* module, const QString& objectname)
{
  bool flag = false;
  PythonQtObjectPtr callable = lookupCallable(module, objectname);
  if (callable) {
    PythonQtSignalReceiver* r = _p->_signalReceivers[obj];
    if (r) {
      flag = r->removeSignalHandler(signal, callable);
    }
  } else {
    // callable not found
  }
  return flag;
}

bool PythonQt::removeSignalHandler(QObject* obj, const char* signal, PyObject* receiver)
{
  bool flag = false;
  PythonQtSignalReceiver* r = _p->_signalReceivers[obj];
  if (r) {
    flag = r->removeSignalHandler(signal, receiver);
  }
  return flag;
}

PythonQtObjectPtr PythonQt::lookupCallable(PyObject* module, const QString& name)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr p = lookupObject(module, name);
  if (p) {
    if (PyCallable_Check(p)) {
      return p;
    }
  }
  PyErr_Clear();
  return nullptr;
}

PythonQtObjectPtr PythonQt::lookupObject(PyObject* module, const QString& name)
{
  QStringList l = name.split('.');
  PythonQtObjectPtr p = module;
  PythonQtObjectPtr prev;
  QByteArray b;
  for (QStringList::ConstIterator i = l.begin(); i!=l.end() && p; ++i) {
    prev = p;
    b = QStringToPythonEncoding(*i);
    if (PyDict_Check(p)) {
      p = PyDict_GetItemString(p, b.data());
    } else {
      p.setNewRef(PyObject_GetAttrString(p, b.data()));
    }
  }
  PyErr_Clear();
  return p;
}

PythonQtObjectPtr PythonQt::getMainModule() {
  //both borrowed
  PythonQtObjectPtr dict = PyImport_GetModuleDict();
  return PyDict_GetItemString(dict, "__main__");
}

PythonQtObjectPtr PythonQt::importModule(const QString& name)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr mod;
  mod.setNewRef(PyImport_ImportModule(QStringToPythonCharPointer(name)));
  return mod;
}


QVariant PythonQt::evalCode(PyObject* object, PyObject* pycode) {
  QVariant result;
  clearError();
  if (pycode) {
    PyObject* dict = nullptr;
    PyObject* globals = nullptr;
    if (PyModule_Check(object)) {
      dict = PyModule_GetDict(object);
      globals = dict;
    } else if (PyDict_Check(object)) {
      dict = object;
      globals = dict;
    } else {
      dict = PyObject_GetAttrString(object, "__dict__");
      globals = PyObject_GetAttrString(PyImport_ImportModule(PyString_AS_STRING(PyObject_GetAttrString(object, "__module__"))),"__dict__");
    }
    PyObject* r = nullptr;
    if (dict) {
#ifdef PY3K
      r = PyEval_EvalCode(pycode, globals, dict);
#else
      r = PyEval_EvalCode((PyCodeObject*)pycode, globals, dict);
#endif
    }
    if (r) {
      result = PythonQtConv::PyObjToQVariant(r);
      Py_DECREF(r);
    } else {
      handleError();
    }
  } else {
    handleError();
  }
  return result;
}

QVariant PythonQt::evalScript(PyObject* object, const QString& script, int start)
{
  QVariant result;
  PythonQtObjectPtr p;
  PyObject* dict = nullptr;
  clearError();
  if (PyModule_Check(object)) {
    dict = PyModule_GetDict(object);
  } else if (PyDict_Check(object)) {
    dict = object;
  }
  if (dict) {
    p.setNewRef(PyRun_String(QStringToPythonCharPointer(script), start, dict, dict));
  }
  if (p) {
    result = PythonQtConv::PyObjToQVariant(p);
  } else {
    handleError();
  }
  return result;
}


QVariant PythonQt::evalScript(const QString& script, PyObject* globals, PyObject* locals, int start)
{
  QVariant result;
  PythonQtObjectPtr p;
  clearError();
  if (globals) {
    p.setNewRef(PyRun_String(QStringToPythonCharPointer(script), start, globals, locals ? locals : globals));
    if (p) {
      result = PythonQtConv::PyObjToQVariant(p);
    } else {
      handleError();
    }
  }
  return result;
}


void PythonQt::evalFile(PyObject* module, const QString& filename)
{
  // NOTE: error checking is done by parseFile and evalCode
  PythonQtObjectPtr code = parseFile(filename);
  if (code) {
    evalCode(module, code);
  }
}

PythonQtObjectPtr PythonQt::parseFile(const QString& filename)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr p;
  p.setNewRef(PythonQtImport::getCodeFromPyc(filename));
  clearError();
  if (!p) {
    handleError();
    _p->_hadError = true;
  }
  return p;
}

PythonQtObjectPtr PythonQt::parseFileWithPythonLoaders(const QString& file)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr result;
  QString filename = file;
  PyObject* loaderClass = nullptr;
  if (QFile::exists(filename)) {
    loaderClass = _p->_pySourceFileLoader;
  } else {
    filename += "c";
    if (QFile::exists(filename)) {
      loaderClass = _p->_pySourcelessFileLoader;
    }
  }
  if (loaderClass) {
    static QString dummy("x");
    PythonQtObjectPtr loader;
    QVariantList args;
    args << dummy << filename;
    loader.setNewRef(callAndReturnPyObject(loaderClass, args));
    QVariantList args2;
    args2 << dummy;
    PythonQtObjectPtr getCode; 
    getCode.setNewRef(PyObject_GetAttrString(loader, "get_code"));
    result.setNewRef(callAndReturnPyObject(getCode, args2));
    if (!result) {
      // we don't want frozenlib to appear in the stack:
      handleError(/* printStack = */ false);
    }
  }
  return result;
}

PythonQtObjectPtr PythonQt::createModuleFromFile(const QString& name, const QString& filename)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr code = parseFile(filename);
  PythonQtObjectPtr module = _p->createModule(name, code);
  return module;
}

PythonQtObjectPtr PythonQt::createModuleFromScript(const QString& name, const QString& script)
{
  PyErr_Clear();
  QString scriptCode = script;
  if (scriptCode.isEmpty()) {
    // we always need at least a linefeed
    scriptCode = "\n";
  }
  PythonQtObjectPtr pycode;
  pycode.setNewRef(Py_CompileString(QStringToPythonCharPointer(scriptCode), "",  Py_file_input));
  PythonQtObjectPtr module = _p->createModule(name, pycode);
  return module;
}

PythonQtObjectPtr PythonQt::createUniqueModule()
{
  static QString pyQtStr("PythonQt_module");
  QString moduleName = pyQtStr+QString::number(_uniqueModuleCount++);
  return createModuleFromScript(moduleName);
}

void PythonQt::addObject(PyObject* object, const QString& name, QObject* qObject)
{
  if (PyModule_Check(object)) {
    auto pyobj = _p->wrapQObject(qObject);
    if (PyModule_AddObject(object, QStringToPythonCharPointer(name), pyobj) < 0) {
      Py_DECREF(pyobj);
    }
  } else if (PyDict_Check(object)) {
    PyDict_SetItemString(object, QStringToPythonCharPointer(name), _p->wrapQObject(qObject));
  } else {
    PyObject_SetAttrString(object, QStringToPythonCharPointer(name), _p->wrapQObject(qObject));
  }
}

void PythonQt::addVariable(PyObject* object, const QString& name, const QVariant& v)
{
  if (PyModule_Check(object)) {
    auto pyobj = PythonQtConv::QVariantToPyObject(v);
    if (PyModule_AddObject(object, QStringToPythonCharPointer(name), pyobj) < 0) {
      Py_DECREF(pyobj);
    }
  } else if (PyDict_Check(object)) {
    PyDict_SetItemString(object, QStringToPythonCharPointer(name), PythonQtConv::QVariantToPyObject(v));
  } else {
    PyObject_SetAttrString(object, QStringToPythonCharPointer(name), PythonQtConv::QVariantToPyObject(v));
  }
}

void PythonQt::removeVariable(PyObject* object, const QString& name)
{
  if (PyDict_Check(object)) {
    PyDict_DelItemString(object, QStringToPythonCharPointer(name));
  } else {
    PyObject_DelAttrString(object, QStringToPythonCharPointer(name));
  }
}

QVariant PythonQt::getVariable(PyObject* object, const QString& objectname)
{
  QVariant result;
  PythonQtObjectPtr obj = lookupObject(object, objectname);
  if (obj) {
    result = PythonQtConv::PyObjToQVariant(obj);
  }
  return result;
}

QVariant PythonQt::getNativeVariable(PyObject* object, const QString& objectname)
{
  QVariant result;
  PythonQtObjectPtr obj = lookupObject(object, objectname);
  if (obj) {
    result = obj.toVariant();
  }
  return result;
}

QStringList PythonQt::introspection(PyObject* module, const QString& objectname, PythonQt::ObjectType type)
{
  QStringList results;

  PythonQtObjectPtr object;
  if (objectname.isEmpty()) {
    object = module;
  } else {
    object = lookupObject(module, objectname);
    if (!object && type == CallOverloads) {
      PyObject* dict = lookupObject(module, "__builtins__");
      if (dict) {
        object = PyDict_GetItemString(dict, QStringToPythonCharPointer(objectname));
      }
    }
  }

  if (object) {
    results = introspectObject(object, type);
  }
  PyErr_Clear();
  return results;
}

QStringList PythonQt::introspectObject(PyObject* object, ObjectType type)
{
  QStringList results;

  if (type == CallOverloads) {
    if (PythonQtSlotFunction_Check(object)) {
      PythonQtSlotFunctionObject* o = (PythonQtSlotFunctionObject*)object;
      results = o->m_ml->overloads();
    } else if (PythonQtSignalFunction_Check(object)) {
      PythonQtSignalFunctionObject* o = (PythonQtSignalFunctionObject*)object;
      results = o->m_ml->overloads();
    } else if (object->ob_type == &PythonQtClassWrapper_Type) {
      PythonQtClassWrapper* o = (PythonQtClassWrapper*)object;
      PythonQtSlotInfo* info = o->classInfo()->constructors();
      if (info) {
        results = info->overloads(/*skipReturnValue = */ true);
      }
    } else {
      QString signature = _p->getSignature(object);
      if (!signature.isEmpty()) {
        results << signature;
      } else {
        PyObject* doc = PyObject_GetAttrString(object, "__doc__");
        if (doc) {
          QString docString = QString::fromUtf8(PyString_AsString(doc));
          Py_DECREF(doc);
          int idx = docString.indexOf("\n");
          if (idx != -1) {
            docString = docString.mid(0, idx);
          }
          // if the first line contains a "(", take it as a signature
          if (docString.contains("(")) {
            results << docString;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  } else {
    PyObject* keys = nullptr;
    bool isDict = false;
    if (PyDict_Check(object)) {
      keys = PyDict_Keys(object);
      isDict = true;
    } else {
#if defined(MEVISLAB) && !defined(PY3K)
      int oldPy3kWarningFlag = Py_Py3kWarningFlag;
      Py_Py3kWarningFlag = 0;  // temporarily disable Python 3 warnings
      keys = PyObject_Dir(object);
      Py_Py3kWarningFlag = oldPy3kWarningFlag;
#else
      keys = PyObject_Dir(object);
#endif
    }
    if (keys) {
      int count = PyList_Size(keys);
      PyObject* key;
      PyObject* value;
      QString keystr;
      for (int i = 0;i<count;i++) {
        key = PyList_GetItem(keys,i);
        if (isDict) {
          value = PyDict_GetItem(object, key);
          Py_INCREF(value);
        } else {
          value = PyObject_GetAttr(object, key);
        }
        if (!value) continue;
        keystr = PyString_AsString(key);
        static const QString underscoreStr("__tmp");
        if (!keystr.startsWith(underscoreStr)) {
          switch (type) {
          case Anything:
            results << keystr;
            break;
          case Class:
            if (PythonQtUtils::isPythonClassType(value)) {
              results << keystr;
            }
            break;
          case Variable:
            if (
              value->ob_type != &PyCFunction_Type
              && value->ob_type != &PyFunction_Type
              && value->ob_type != &PyMethod_Type
              && value->ob_type != &PyModule_Type
              && value->ob_type != &PyType_Type
              && value->ob_type != &PythonQtSlotFunction_Type
#ifndef PY3K
              && value->ob_type != &PyClass_Type
#endif
              ) {
              results << keystr;
            }
            break;
          case Function:
            if (value->ob_type == &PyCFunction_Type ||
                value->ob_type == &PyFunction_Type ||
                value->ob_type == &PyMethod_Type ||
                value->ob_type == &PythonQtSlotFunction_Type
              ) {
              results << keystr;
            }
            break;
          case Module:
            if (value->ob_type == &PyModule_Type) {
              results << keystr;
            }
            break;
          default:
            std::cerr << "PythonQt: introspection: unknown case" << ", in " << __FILE__ << ":" << __LINE__ << std::endl;
          }
        }
        Py_DECREF(value);
      }
      Py_DECREF(keys);
    }
  }
  PyErr_Clear();
  return results;
}

PyObject* PythonQt::getObjectByType(const QString& typeName)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr sys;
  sys.setNewRef(PyImport_ImportModule("sys"));
  PythonQtObjectPtr modules = lookupObject(sys, "modules");
  Q_ASSERT(PyDict_Check(modules));
  
  QStringList tmp = typeName.split(".");
  QString simpleTypeName = tmp.takeLast();
  QString moduleName = tmp.join(".");
  
  PyObject* object = nullptr;
  PyObject* moduleObject = PyDict_GetItemString(modules, QStringToPythonCharPointer(moduleName));
  if (moduleObject) {
    object = PyObject_GetAttrString(moduleObject, QStringToPythonCharPointer(simpleTypeName));
  }
  
  if (!object) {
    moduleObject = PyDict_GetItemString(modules, "__builtin__");
    if (moduleObject) {
      object = PyObject_GetAttrString(moduleObject, QStringToPythonCharPointer(simpleTypeName));
    }
  }
  
  PyErr_Clear();
  return object;
}
  
QStringList PythonQt::introspectType(const QString& typeName, ObjectType type)
{
  QStringList results;
  PyObject* object = getObjectByType(typeName);
  if (!object) {
    // the last item may be a member, split it away and try again
    QStringList tmp = typeName.split(".");
    QString memberName = tmp.takeLast();
    QString typeName;
    if (tmp.isEmpty()) {
      typeName = memberName;
      memberName.clear();
    } else {
      typeName = tmp.join(".");
    }
    PyObject* typeObject = getObjectByType(typeName);
    if (typeObject) {
      object = PyObject_GetAttrString(typeObject, QStringToPythonCharPointer(memberName));
    }
  }
  if (object) {
    results = introspectObject(object, type);
    Py_DECREF(object);
  }
  PyErr_Clear();
  return results;
}

QVariant PythonQt::call(PyObject* object, const QString& name, const QVariantList& args, const QVariantMap& kwargs)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr callable = lookupCallable(object, name);
  if (callable) {
    return call(callable, args, kwargs);
  } else {
    return QVariant();
  }
}

QVariant PythonQt::call(PyObject* callable, const QVariantList& args, const QVariantMap& kwargs)
{
  QVariant r;
  PythonQtObjectPtr result;
  result.setNewRef(callAndReturnPyObject(callable, args, kwargs));
  clearError();
  if (result) {
    r = PythonQtConv::PyObjToQVariant(result);
  } else {
    PythonQt::self()->handleError();
  }
  return r;
}

PyObject* PythonQt::callAndReturnPyObject(PyObject* callable, const QVariantList& args, const QVariantMap& kwargs)
{
  PyObject* result = nullptr;
  if (callable) {
    bool err = false;
    PythonQtObjectPtr pargs;
    int count = args.size();
    if ((count > 0) || (kwargs.count() > 0)) { // create empty tuple if kwargs are given
      pargs.setNewRef(PyTuple_New(count));

      // transform QVariant arguments to Python
      for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        PyObject* arg = PythonQtConv::QVariantToPyObject(args.at(i));
        if (arg) {
          // steals reference, no unref
          PyTuple_SetItem(pargs, i,arg);
        } else {
          err = true;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    if (!err) {
      if (kwargs.isEmpty()) {
        // do a direct call if we have no keyword arguments
        PyErr_Clear();
        result = PyObject_CallObject(callable, pargs);
      } else {
        // convert keyword arguments to Python
        PythonQtObjectPtr pkwargs;
        pkwargs.setNewRef(PyDict_New());
        QMapIterator<QString, QVariant> it(kwargs);
        while (it.hasNext()) {
          it.next();
          PyObject* arg = PythonQtConv::QVariantToPyObject(it.value());
          if (arg) {
            PyDict_SetItemString(pkwargs, QStringToPythonCharPointer(it.key()), arg);
          } else {
            err = true;
            break;
          }
        }
        if (!err) {
          // call with arguments and keyword arguments
          PyErr_Clear();
          result = PyObject_Call(callable, pargs, pkwargs);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return result;
}

void PythonQt::addInstanceDecorators(QObject* o)
{
  _p->addDecorators(o, PythonQtPrivate::InstanceDecorator);
}

void PythonQt::addClassDecorators(QObject* o)
{
  _p->addDecorators(o, PythonQtPrivate::StaticDecorator | PythonQtPrivate::ConstructorDecorator | PythonQtPrivate::DestructorDecorator);
}

void PythonQt::addDecorators(QObject* o)
{
  _p->addDecorators(o, PythonQtPrivate::AllDecorators);
}

void PythonQt::registerQObjectClassNames(const QStringList& names)
{
  _p->registerQObjectClassNames(names);
}

void PythonQt::setImporter(PythonQtImportFileInterface* importInterface)
{
  _p->_importInterface = importInterface;
  PythonQtImport::init();
}

void PythonQt::setImporterIgnorePaths(const QStringList& paths)
{
  _p->_importIgnorePaths = paths;
}

const QStringList& PythonQt::getImporterIgnorePaths()
{
  return _p->_importIgnorePaths;
}

void PythonQt::addWrapperFactory(PythonQtCppWrapperFactory* factory)
{
  _p->_cppWrapperFactories.append(factory);
}

void PythonQt::addWrapperFactory( PythonQtForeignWrapperFactory* factory )
{
  _p->_foreignWrapperFactories.append(factory);
}

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PythonQtPrivate::PythonQtPrivate()
{
  _importInterface = nullptr;
  _defaultImporter = new PythonQtQFileImporter;
  _noLongerWrappedCB = nullptr;
  _wrappedCB = nullptr;
  _qObjectMissingAttribCB = nullptr;
  _currentClassInfoForClassWrapperCreation = nullptr;
  _profilingCB = nullptr;
  _hadError = false;
  _systemExitExceptionHandlerEnabled = false;
  _debugAPI = new PythonQtDebugAPI(this);
  _configAPI = new PythonQtConfigAPI(this);
}

void PythonQtPrivate::setupSharedLibrarySuffixes()
{
  _sharedLibrarySuffixes.clear();
  PythonQtObjectPtr imp;
  imp.setNewRef(PyImport_ImportModule("imp"));
  int cExtensionCode = imp.getVariable("C_EXTENSION").toInt();
  QVariant result = imp.call("get_suffixes");
#ifdef __linux
  #ifdef _DEBUG
  // First look for shared libraries with the '_d' suffix in debug mode on Linux.
  // This is a workaround, because python does not append the '_d' suffix on Linux
  // and would always load the release library otherwise.
  _sharedLibrarySuffixes << "_d.so";
  #endif
#endif
  Q_FOREACH (QVariant entry, result.toList()) {
    QVariantList suffixEntry = entry.toList();
    if (suffixEntry.count()==3) {
      int code = suffixEntry.at(2).toInt();
      if (code == cExtensionCode) {
        _sharedLibrarySuffixes << suffixEntry.at(0).toString();
      }
    }
  }
}

PythonQtClassInfo* PythonQtPrivate::currentClassInfoForClassWrapperCreation()
{
  PythonQtClassInfo* info = _currentClassInfoForClassWrapperCreation;
  _currentClassInfoForClassWrapperCreation = nullptr;
  return info;
}

void PythonQtPrivate::addDecorators(QObject* o, int decoTypes)
{
  if (o == nullptr)
    {
    return;
    }
  o->setParent(this);
  int numMethods = o->metaObject()->methodCount();
  for (int i = 0; i < numMethods; i++) {
    QMetaMethod m = o->metaObject()->method(i);
    QByteArray signature = PythonQtUtils::methodName(m);
    if ((m.methodType() == QMetaMethod::Method ||
      m.methodType() == QMetaMethod::Slot) && m.access() == QMetaMethod::Public) {
      if (signature.startsWith("new_")) {
        if ((decoTypes & ConstructorDecorator) == 0) continue;
        const PythonQtMethodInfo* info = PythonQtMethodInfo::getCachedMethodInfo(m, nullptr);
        if (info->parameters().at(0).pointerCount == 1) {
          QByteArray nameOfClass = signature.mid(4);
          nameOfClass.replace("__", "::");
          PythonQtClassInfo* classInfo = lookupClassInfoAndCreateIfNotPresent(nameOfClass);
          PythonQtSlotInfo* newSlot = new PythonQtSlotInfo(nullptr, m, i, o, PythonQtSlotInfo::ClassDecorator);
          classInfo->addConstructor(newSlot);
        }
      } else if (signature.startsWith("delete_")) {
        if ((decoTypes & DestructorDecorator) == 0) continue;
        QByteArray nameOfClass = signature.mid(7);
        nameOfClass.replace("__", "::");
        PythonQtClassInfo* classInfo = lookupClassInfoAndCreateIfNotPresent(nameOfClass);
        PythonQtSlotInfo* newSlot = new PythonQtSlotInfo(nullptr, m, i, o, PythonQtSlotInfo::ClassDecorator);
        classInfo->setDestructor(newSlot);
      } else if (signature.startsWith("static_")) {
        if ((decoTypes & StaticDecorator) == 0) continue;
        QByteArray nameOfClass = signature.mid(7);
        nameOfClass = nameOfClass.mid(0, nameOfClass.indexOf('_'));
        PythonQtClassInfo* classInfo = lookupClassInfoAndCreateIfNotPresent(nameOfClass);
        PythonQtSlotInfo* newSlot = new PythonQtSlotInfo(nullptr, m, i, o, PythonQtSlotInfo::ClassDecorator);
        classInfo->addDecoratorSlot(newSlot);
      } else {
        if ((decoTypes & InstanceDecorator) == 0) continue;
        const PythonQtMethodInfo* info = PythonQtMethodInfo::getCachedMethodInfo(m, nullptr);
        if (info->parameters().count()>1) {
          PythonQtMethodInfo::ParameterInfo p = info->parameters().at(1);
          if (p.pointerCount==1) {
            PythonQtClassInfo* classInfo = lookupClassInfoAndCreateIfNotPresent(p.name);
            PythonQtSlotInfo* newSlot = new PythonQtSlotInfo(nullptr, m, i, o, PythonQtSlotInfo::InstanceDecorator);
            classInfo->addDecoratorSlot(newSlot);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void PythonQtPrivate::registerQObjectClassNames(const QStringList& names)
{
  Q_FOREACH(QString name, names) {
    _knownQObjectClassNames.insert(name.toUtf8(), true);
  }
}

void PythonQtPrivate::removeSignalEmitter(QObject* obj)
{
  _signalReceivers.remove(obj);
}

void PythonQt::removeSignalHandlers()
{
  QList<PythonQtSignalReceiver*> signalReceivers = _p->_signalReceivers.values();

  // just delete all signal receivers, they will remove themselves via removeSignalEmitter()
  foreach(PythonQtSignalReceiver* receiver, signalReceivers) {
    delete receiver;
  }
  // just to be sure, clear the receiver map as well
  _p->_signalReceivers.clear();
}

namespace
{
//! adapted from python source file "pythonrun.c", function "handle_system_exit"
//! return the exitcode instead of calling "Py_Exit".
//! it gives the application an opportunity to properly terminate.
int custom_system_exit_exception_handler()
{
  PyObject *exception, *value, *tb;
  int exitcode = 0;

//  if (Py_InspectFlag)
//    /* Don't exit if -i flag was given. This flag is set to 0
//     * when entering interactive mode for inspecting. */
//    return exitcode;

  PyErr_Fetch(&exception, &value, &tb);
#ifndef PY3K
  if (Py_FlushLine()) {
    PyErr_Clear();
  }
#else
  // TODO: unclear what to do, since Py_FlushLine is gone...
#endif
  fflush(stdout);
  if (value == nullptr || value == Py_None)
    goto done;
  if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {
    /* The error code should be in the `code' attribute. */
    PyObject *code = PyObject_GetAttrString(value, "code");
    if (code) {
      Py_DECREF(value);
      value = code;
      if (value == Py_None)
        goto done;
    }
    /* If we failed to dig out the 'code' attribute,
       just let the else clause below print the error. */
  }
  if (PyInt_Check(value))
    exitcode = (int)PyInt_AsLong(value);
  else {
    PyObject *sys_stderr = PySys_GetObject(const_cast<char*>("stderr"));
    if (sys_stderr != nullptr && sys_stderr != Py_None) {
      PyFile_WriteObject(value, sys_stderr, Py_PRINT_RAW);
    } else {
      PyObject_Print(value, stderr, Py_PRINT_RAW);
      fflush(stderr);
    }
    PySys_WriteStderr("\n");
    exitcode = 1;
  }
  done:
    /* Restore and clear the exception info, in order to properly decref
     * the exception, value, and traceback.      If we just exit instead,
     * these leak, which confuses PYTHONDUMPREFS output, and may prevent
     * some finalizers from running.
     */
    PyErr_Restore(exception, value, tb);
    PyErr_Clear();
    return exitcode;
    //Py_Exit(exitcode);
}
}

bool PythonQt::handleError(bool printStack)
{
  bool flag = false;
  if (PyErr_Occurred()) {

    if (_p->_systemExitExceptionHandlerEnabled &&
        PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SystemExit)) {
      int exitcode = custom_system_exit_exception_handler();
      Q_EMIT PythonQt::self()->systemExitExceptionRaised(exitcode);
      }
    else
    {
      if (printStack) {
        PyErr_Print();
      } else {
        PyObject *ptype, *pvalue, *ptraceback;
        PyErr_Fetch(&ptype, &pvalue, &ptraceback);
        PyErr_NormalizeException(&ptype, &pvalue, &ptraceback);
        // we leave out the traceback:
        PyErr_Display(ptype, pvalue, nullptr);
        PyErr_Restore(ptype, pvalue, ptraceback);
        PyErr_Clear();
      }
      flag = true;
    }
  }
  _p->_hadError = flag;
  return flag;
}

bool PythonQt::hadError()const
{
  return _p->_hadError;
}

void PythonQt::clearError()
{
  _p->_hadError = false;
}

void PythonQt::setSystemExitExceptionHandlerEnabled(bool value)
{
  _p->_systemExitExceptionHandlerEnabled = value;
}

bool PythonQt::systemExitExceptionHandlerEnabled() const
{
  return _p->_systemExitExceptionHandlerEnabled;
}

void PythonQt::addSysPath(const QString& path)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr sys;
  sys.setNewRef(PyImport_ImportModule("sys"));
  PythonQtObjectPtr obj = lookupObject(sys, "path");
  PyList_Insert(obj, 0, PythonQtConv::QStringToPyObject(path));
}

void PythonQt::overwriteSysPath(const QStringList& paths)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr sys;
  sys.setNewRef(PyImport_ImportModule("sys"));
  // Since Python uses os.path.sep at various places,
  // makse sure that we use the native path separators.
  QStringList nativePaths;
  foreach(QString path, paths) {
    nativePaths << QDir::toNativeSeparators(path);
  }
  PyModule_AddObject(sys, "path", PythonQtConv::QStringListToPyList(nativePaths));
}

void PythonQt::setModuleImportPath(PyObject* module, const QStringList& paths)
{
  PyModule_AddObject(module, "__path__", PythonQtConv::QStringListToPyList(paths));
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION > 3 || (PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 3 && PY_MINOR_VERSION >= 4)
  // Since Python 3.4 a module has a __spec__ member of type ModuleSpec which
  // mirrors some module-specific attributes, see
  // https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html#importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec .
  //
  // Python 3.9 prints an import warning "__package__ != __spec__.parent" on relative imports
  // if we don't set the submodule_search_locations on __spec__ (this indirectly changes
  // the value of parent)
  PyObject* spec = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, "__spec__");
  if (spec) {
    PythonQt::self()->addVariable(spec, "submodule_search_locations", paths);
    Py_DECREF(spec);
  }
#endif
}

void PythonQt::stdOutRedirectCB(const QString& str)
{
  if (!PythonQt::self()) {
    std::cout << QStringToPythonConstCharPointer(str) << std::endl;
    return;
  }
  Q_EMIT PythonQt::self()->pythonStdOut(str);
}

void PythonQt::stdErrRedirectCB(const QString& str)
{
  if (!PythonQt::self()) {
    std::cerr << QStringToPythonConstCharPointer(str) << std::endl;
    return;
  }
  Q_EMIT PythonQt::self()->pythonStdErr(str);
}

void PythonQt::setQObjectWrappedCallback(PythonQtQObjectWrappedCB* cb)
{
  _p->_wrappedCB = cb;
}

void PythonQt::setQObjectNoLongerWrappedCallback(PythonQtQObjectNoLongerWrappedCB* cb)
{
  _p->_noLongerWrappedCB = cb;
}

void PythonQt::setProfilingCallback(ProfilingCB* cb)
{
  _p->_profilingCB = cb;
}


void PythonQt::setEnableThreadSupport(bool flag)
{
#ifdef PYTHONQT_FULL_THREAD_SUPPORT
  PythonQtGILScope::setGILScopeEnabled(flag);
  PythonQtSlotInfo::setGlobalShouldAllowThreads(flag);
#endif
}

static PyMethodDef PythonQtMethods[] = {
  {nullptr, nullptr, 0, nullptr}
};

#ifdef PY3K
static PyModuleDef PythonQtModuleDef = {
  PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
  "",
  nullptr,
  -1,
  PythonQtMethods,
  nullptr,
  nullptr,
  nullptr,
  nullptr
};
#endif

void PythonQt::initPythonQtModule(bool redirectStdOut, const QByteArray& pythonQtModuleName)
{
  QByteArray name = "PythonQt";
  if (!pythonQtModuleName.isEmpty()) {
    name = pythonQtModuleName;
  }
#ifdef PY3K
  PythonQtModuleDef.m_name = name.constData();
  _p->_pythonQtModule = PyModule_Create(&PythonQtModuleDef);
#else
  _p->_pythonQtModule = Py_InitModule(name.constData(), PythonQtMethods);
#endif
  _p->_pythonQtModuleName = name;

  Py_INCREF((PyObject*)&PythonQtBoolResult_Type);
  PyModule_AddObject(_p->pythonQtModule().object(), "BoolResult", (PyObject*)&PythonQtBoolResult_Type);
  PythonQtObjectPtr sys;
  sys.setNewRef(PyImport_ImportModule("sys"));

  if (redirectStdOut) {
    PythonQtObjectPtr out;
    PythonQtObjectPtr err;
    // create a redirection object for stdout and stderr
    out = PythonQtStdOutRedirectType.tp_new(&PythonQtStdOutRedirectType,nullptr, nullptr);
    ((PythonQtStdOutRedirect*)out.object())->_cb = stdOutRedirectCB;
    err = PythonQtStdOutRedirectType.tp_new(&PythonQtStdOutRedirectType,nullptr, nullptr);
    ((PythonQtStdOutRedirect*)err.object())->_cb = stdErrRedirectCB;
    // replace the built in file objects with our own objects
    PyModule_AddObject(sys, "stdout", out);
    PyModule_AddObject(sys, "stderr", err);
  }

  // add PythonQt to the list of builtin module names
  PyObject *old_module_names = PyObject_GetAttrString(sys.object(),"builtin_module_names");
  if (old_module_names && PyTuple_Check(old_module_names)) {
    Py_ssize_t old_size = PyTuple_Size(old_module_names);
    PyObject *module_names = PyTuple_New(old_size + 1);
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < old_size; i++) {
      PyObject* val = PyTuple_GetItem(old_module_names, i);
      Py_INCREF(val);
      PyTuple_SetItem(module_names, i, val);
    }
    PyTuple_SetItem(module_names, old_size, PyString_FromString(name.constData()));
    PyModule_AddObject(sys.object(), "builtin_module_names", module_names);
  }
  Py_XDECREF(old_module_names);

#ifdef PY3K
  PyObject* modulesAttr = PyObject_GetAttrString(sys.object(), "modules");
  PyObject* pyUnicodeObject = PyUnicode_FromString(name.constData());
  PyDict_SetItem(modulesAttr, pyUnicodeObject, _p->_pythonQtModule.object());
  Py_XDECREF(modulesAttr);
  Py_XDECREF(pyUnicodeObject);
#endif
}

QString PythonQt::getReturnTypeOfWrappedMethod(PyObject* module, const QString& name)
{
  QStringList tmp = name.split(".");
  QString methodName = tmp.takeLast();
  QString variableName = tmp.join(".");
  PythonQtObjectPtr variableObject = lookupObject(module, variableName);  
  if (variableObject.isNull()) {
    // try lookup by interpreting the variableName as a type
    QString type = getReturnTypeOfWrappedMethod(variableName, methodName);
    return type;
  }
  return getReturnTypeOfWrappedMethodHelper(variableObject, methodName, name);
}

QString PythonQt::getReturnTypeOfWrappedMethod(const QString& typeName, const QString& methodName)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr typeObject = getObjectByType(typeName);
  if (typeObject.isNull()) {
    return "";
  }
  return getReturnTypeOfWrappedMethodHelper(typeObject, methodName, typeName + "." + methodName);
}

QString PythonQt::getReturnTypeOfWrappedMethodHelper(const PythonQtObjectPtr& variableObject, const QString& methodName, const QString& context)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr methodObject;
  if (PyDict_Check(variableObject)) {
    methodObject = PyDict_GetItemString(variableObject, QStringToPythonConstCharPointer(methodName));
  } else {
    methodObject.setNewRef(PyObject_GetAttrString(variableObject, QStringToPythonConstCharPointer(methodName)));
  }
  if (methodObject.isNull()) {
    return "";
  }
    
  QString type;
  
  if (PythonQtUtils::isPythonClassType(methodObject)) {
    // the methodObject is not a method, but the name of a type/class. This means
    // a constructor is called. Return the context.
    type = context;
  } else if (methodObject->ob_type == &PythonQtSlotFunction_Type) {
    PythonQtSlotInfo* slotInfo = ((PythonQtSlotFunctionObject*)methodObject.object())->m_ml;
    if (slotInfo) {
      if (slotInfo->parameterCount()>0) {
        type = slotInfo->parameters().at(0).name;
        if (type.contains("<")) {
          // can't handle templates
          type = "";
        }
        if (!type.isEmpty()) {
          // if the type is a known class info, then create the full type name, i.e. include the
          // module name. For example, the slot may return a QDate, then this looks up the
          // name _PythonQt.QtCore.QDate.
          PythonQtClassInfo* typeInfo = _p->_knownClassInfos.value(QStringToPythonConstCharPointer(type));
          if (typeInfo && typeInfo->pythonQtClassWrapper()) {
            PyObject* s = PyObject_GetAttrString(typeInfo->pythonQtClassWrapper(), "__module__");
            Q_ASSERT(PyString_Check(s));
            type = QString(PyString_AsString(s)) + "." + type;
            Py_DECREF(s);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return type;
}

void PythonQt::registerCPPClass(const char* typeName, const char* parentTypeName, const char* package, PythonQtQObjectCreatorFunctionCB* wrapperCreator,  PythonQtShellSetInstanceWrapperCB* shell)
{
  _p->registerCPPClass(typeName, parentTypeName, package, wrapperCreator, shell);
}


PythonQtClassInfo* PythonQtPrivate::lookupClassInfoAndCreateIfNotPresent(const char* typeName)
{
  PythonQtClassInfo* info = _knownClassInfos.value(typeName);
  if (!info) {
    info = new PythonQtClassInfo();
    info->setupCPPObject(typeName);
    _knownClassInfos.insert(typeName, info);
  }
  return info;
}

void PythonQt::addPolymorphicHandler(const char* typeName, PythonQtPolymorphicHandlerCB* cb)
{
  _p->addPolymorphicHandler(typeName, cb);
}

void PythonQtPrivate::addPolymorphicHandler(const char* typeName, PythonQtPolymorphicHandlerCB* cb)
{
  PythonQtClassInfo* info = lookupClassInfoAndCreateIfNotPresent(typeName);
  info->addPolymorphicHandler(cb);
}

bool PythonQt::addParentClass(const char* typeName, const char* parentTypeName, int upcastingOffset)
{
  return _p->addParentClass(typeName, parentTypeName, upcastingOffset);
}

bool PythonQtPrivate::addParentClass(const char* typeName, const char* parentTypeName, int upcastingOffset)
{
  PythonQtClassInfo* info = _knownClassInfos.value(typeName);
  if (info) {
    PythonQtClassInfo* parentInfo = lookupClassInfoAndCreateIfNotPresent(parentTypeName);
    info->addParentClass(PythonQtClassInfo::ParentClassInfo(parentInfo, upcastingOffset));
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

void PythonQtPrivate::registerCPPClass(const char* typeName, const char* parentTypeName, const char* package, PythonQtQObjectCreatorFunctionCB* wrapperCreator,  PythonQtShellSetInstanceWrapperCB* shell, PyObject* module, int typeSlots)
{
  PythonQtClassInfo* info = lookupClassInfoAndCreateIfNotPresent(typeName);
  if (!info->pythonQtClassWrapper()) {
    info->setTypeSlots(typeSlots);
    info->setupCPPObject(typeName);
    createPythonQtClassWrapper(info, package, module);
  }
  if (parentTypeName && strcmp(parentTypeName,"")!=0) {
    addParentClass(typeName, parentTypeName, 0);
  }
  if (wrapperCreator) {
    info->setDecoratorProvider(wrapperCreator);
  }
  if (shell) {
    info->setShellSetInstanceWrapperCB(shell);
  }
  if (info->typeSlots() & PythonQt::Type_EnterExit) {
    // context handlers must be handled specially, because optimized accesses
    // cause that the __enter__ and __exit__ methods will not be found by
    // conventional means:
    PyObject* classObj = (PyObject*)info->pythonQtClassWrapper();
    PyTypeObject* typeObj = (PyTypeObject*)classObj;
    // __enter__ and _exit__ must be inserted directly into the tp_dict,
    // otherwise they are not found by "with":
    PyObject* tp_dict = typeObj->tp_dict;
    PyObject* enterMethod = PyObject_GetAttrString(classObj, "__enter__");
    if (enterMethod) {
      PyDict_SetItemString(tp_dict, "__enter__", enterMethod);
      Py_DECREF(enterMethod);
    }
    PyErr_Clear();
    PyObject* exitMethod = PyObject_GetAttrString(classObj, "__exit__");
    if (exitMethod) {
      PyDict_SetItemString(tp_dict, "__exit__", exitMethod);
      Py_DECREF(exitMethod);
    }
    PyErr_Clear();
    // invalidate attribute cache for this type:
    // (as the search for the class methods otherwise cached methods as "not existing", and
    // we don't want to rely on the wrong empty entries being evicted from the cache by chance):
    typeObj->tp_flags &= ~Py_TPFLAGS_VALID_VERSION_TAG;
  }
}

namespace {

  void addObjectToPackage(PyObject* obj, const char* name, const char* packageName, PyObject* package)
  {
    if (PyModule_AddObject(package, name, obj) < 0) {
      Py_DECREF(obj);
      std::cerr << "failed to add " << name << " to " << packageName << "\n";
    }
  }

};

void PythonQtPrivate::registerGlobalNamespace(const char* typeName, const char* packageName, PythonQtQObjectCreatorFunctionCB* wrapperCreator, const QMetaObject& metaObject, PyObject* module)
{
  registerCPPClass(typeName, "", packageName, wrapperCreator, nullptr, module, 0);

  PyObject* package = module ? module : PythonQt::priv()->packageByName(packageName);
  PythonQtClassInfo* classInfo = PythonQt::priv()->getClassInfo(typeName);
  PyObject* globalNamespace = classInfo->pythonQtClassWrapper();

  // Collect the names of global methods
  QSet<QByteArray> methodNames;
  for (int i = metaObject.methodOffset(); i < metaObject.methodCount(); i++) {
    methodNames.insert(metaObject.method(i).name());
  }
  QByteArray staticPrefix = "static_" + QByteArray(typeName) + "_"; // every static method starts with this string
  for (auto name: methodNames) {
    if (name.startsWith(staticPrefix)) {  // non-static methods wouldn't work (and should not exists)
      name = name.mid(staticPrefix.length());
      PyObject* obj = PyObject_GetAttrString(globalNamespace, name.constData());
      if (obj) {
        addObjectToPackage(obj, name, packageName, package);
      }
      else {
        std::cerr << "method not found " << name.constData() << " in " << typeName << std::endl;
      }
    }
  }

  // Global enums
  for (int i = metaObject.enumeratorOffset(); i < metaObject.enumeratorCount(); i++) {
    QMetaEnum metaEnum = metaObject.enumerator(i);
    PyObject* obj = PyObject_GetAttrString(globalNamespace, metaEnum.name());
    if (obj) {
      addObjectToPackage(obj, metaEnum.name(), packageName, package);
    }
    else {
      std::cerr << "enum type not found " << metaEnum.name() << " in " << typeName << std::endl;
    }
#if QT_VERSION > 0x050800
    bool isScoped = metaEnum.isScoped();
#else
    bool isScoped = false;
#endif
    if (!isScoped) {
      for (int j = 0; j < metaEnum.keyCount(); j++) {
        QByteArray key = PythonQtClassInfo::escapeReservedNames(metaEnum.key(j));
        int value = metaEnum.value(j);
        PyObject* obj = PyInt_FromLong(value);
        addObjectToPackage(obj, key, packageName, package);
      }
    }
  }

  PythonQtClassInfo::addGlobalNamespaceWrapper(classInfo);
}

PyObject* PythonQtPrivate::packageByName(const char* name)
{
  if (name==nullptr || name[0]==0) {
    name = "private";
  }
  PyObject* v = _packages.value(name);
  if (!v) {
    v = PyImport_AddModule((_pythonQtModuleName + "." + name).constData());
    _packages.insert(name, v);
    // AddObject steals the reference, so increment it!
    if (PyModule_AddObject(_pythonQtModule, name, v) == 0) {
      Py_INCREF(v);
    }
  }
  return v;
}

void PythonQtPrivate::handleVirtualOverloadReturnError(const char* signature, const PythonQtMethodInfo* methodInfo, PyObject* result)
{
  QString error = "Return value '" + PythonQtConv::PyObjGetString(result) + "' can not be converted to expected C++ type '" + methodInfo->parameters().at(0).name + "' as return value of virtual method " + signature;
  PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError, QStringToPythonCharPointer(error));
  PythonQt::self()->handleError();
}

PyObject* PythonQt::helpCalled(PythonQtClassInfo* info)
{
  if (_p->_initFlags & ExternalHelp) {
    Q_EMIT pythonHelpRequest(QByteArray(info->className()));
    return Py_BuildValue("");
  } else {
    return PyString_FromString(QStringToPythonCharPointer(info->help()));
  }
}

void PythonQt::clearNotFoundCachedMembers()
{
  Q_FOREACH(PythonQtClassInfo* info, _p->_knownClassInfos) {
    info->clearNotFoundCachedMembers();
  }
}

void PythonQt::removeWrapperFactory( PythonQtCppWrapperFactory* factory )
{
  _p->_cppWrapperFactories.removeAll(factory);
}

void PythonQt::removeWrapperFactory( PythonQtForeignWrapperFactory* factory )
{
  _p->_foreignWrapperFactories.removeAll(factory);
}

void PythonQtPrivate::removeWrapperPointer(void* obj)
{
  _wrappedObjects.remove(obj);
}

void PythonQtPrivate::addWrapperPointer(void* obj, PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrapper)
{
  _wrappedObjects.insert(obj, wrapper);
}

PythonQtInstanceWrapper* PythonQtPrivate::findWrapperAndRemoveUnused(void* obj)
{
  PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrap = _wrappedObjects.value(obj);
  if (wrap && !wrap->_wrappedPtr && wrap->_obj == nullptr) {
    // this is a wrapper whose QObject was already removed due to destruction
    // so the obj pointer has to be a new QObject with the same address...
    // we remove the old one and set the copy to NULL
    wrap->_objPointerCopy = nullptr;
    removeWrapperPointer(obj);
    wrap = nullptr;
  }
  return wrap;
}

PythonQtObjectPtr PythonQtPrivate::createModule(const QString& name, PyObject* pycode)
{
  PythonQtObjectPtr result;
  PythonQt::self()->clearError();
  if (pycode) {
    result.setNewRef(PyImport_ExecCodeModule(QStringToPythonCharPointer(name), pycode));
  } else {
    PythonQt::self()->handleError();
  }
  return result;
}

void* PythonQtPrivate::unwrapForeignWrapper( const QByteArray& classname, PyObject* obj )
{
  void* foreignObject = nullptr;
  for (int i=0; i<_foreignWrapperFactories.size(); i++) {
    foreignObject = _foreignWrapperFactories.at(i)->unwrap(classname, obj);
    if (foreignObject) {
      return foreignObject;
    }
  }
  return nullptr;
}

bool PythonQtPrivate::isMethodDescriptor(PyObject* object) const
{
  // This implementation is the same as in inspect.ismethoddescriptor(), inspect.py.
  if (PyObject_HasAttrString(object, "__get__") &&
      !PyObject_HasAttrString(object, "__set__") &&
      !PyMethod_Check(object) &&
      !PyFunction_Check(object)
#ifndef PY3K
      && !PyClass_Check(object)
#endif
      ) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

// We need this for the dynamic meta object building:
#include <private/qmetaobjectbuilder_p.h>

const QMetaObject* PythonQtPrivate::getDynamicMetaObject(PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrapper, const QMetaObject* prototypeMetaObject)
{
  PYTHONQT_GIL_SCOPE;
  PythonQtDynamicClassInfo* info = wrapper->dynamicClassInfo();
  if (info) {
    if (!info->_dynamicMetaObject) {
      setupDynamicMetaObjectChain(((PythonQtClassWrapper*)Py_TYPE(wrapper)), prototypeMetaObject);
    }
    return info->_dynamicMetaObject;
  }
  return prototypeMetaObject;
}

const QMetaObject* PythonQtPrivate::setupDynamicMetaObjectChain(PythonQtClassWrapper* type, const QMetaObject* prototypeMetaObject)
{
  if (!type->_dynamicClassInfo->_dynamicMetaObject) {
    PyTypeObject*  superType = ((PyTypeObject *)type)->tp_base;
    const QMetaObject* metaObjectOfParent = prototypeMetaObject;
    if (((PythonQtClassWrapper*)superType)->_dynamicClassInfo) {
      metaObjectOfParent = setupDynamicMetaObjectChain((PythonQtClassWrapper*)superType, prototypeMetaObject);
    }
    return buildDynamicMetaObject(type, metaObjectOfParent);
  } else {
    return type->_dynamicClassInfo->_dynamicMetaObject;
  }
}

const QMetaObject* PythonQtPrivate::buildDynamicMetaObject(PythonQtClassWrapper* type, const QMetaObject* prototypeMetaObject)
{
  //std::cout << "creating " << ((PyTypeObject*)type)->tp_name << " derived from " << prototypeMetaObject->className() << std::endl;

  QMetaObjectBuilder builder;
  builder.setSuperClass(prototypeMetaObject);
  builder.setClassName(((PyTypeObject*)type)->tp_name);

  PyObject* dict = ((PyTypeObject*)type)->tp_dict;
  Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
  PyObject* value = nullptr;
  PyObject* key = nullptr;
  static PyObject* qtSlots = PyString_FromString("_qtSlots");

  bool needsMetaObject = false;
  // Iterate over all members and check if they affect the QMetaObject:
  // First look for signals:
  while (PyDict_Next(dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
    if (PythonQtSignalFunction_Check(value)) {
      // A signal object, register with the meta object
      PythonQtSignalFunctionObject* signal = (PythonQtSignalFunctionObject*)value;
      if (signal->_dynamicInfo) {
        signal->_dynamicInfo->name = PyString_AsString(key);
        foreach(QByteArray sig, signal->_dynamicInfo->signatures) {
          builder.addSignal(signal->_dynamicInfo->name + "(" + sig + ")");
          needsMetaObject = true;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  pos = 0;
  value = nullptr;
  key = nullptr;
  // Now look for slots: (this is a bug in QMetaObjectBuilder, all signals need to be added first)
  while (PyDict_Next(dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
    if (PythonQtProperty_Check(value)) {
      needsMetaObject = true;
      PythonQtProperty* prop = (PythonQtProperty*)value;
      QMetaPropertyBuilder newProp = builder.addProperty(PyString_AsString(key), prop->data->cppType);
      newProp.setReadable(true);
      newProp.setWritable(prop->data->fset != nullptr);
      newProp.setResettable(prop->data->freset != nullptr);
      newProp.setDesignable(prop->data->designable);
      newProp.setScriptable(prop->data->scriptable);
      newProp.setStored(prop->data->stored);
      newProp.setUser(prop->data->user);
      newProp.setConstant(prop->data->constant);
      newProp.setFinal(prop->data->final);
      if (prop->data->notify) {
        PythonQtSignalFunctionObject* signal = (PythonQtSignalFunctionObject*)prop->data->notify;
        if (signal->_dynamicInfo) {
          QByteArray sig = signal->_dynamicInfo->signatures.at(0);
          QByteArray fullSig = signal->_dynamicInfo->name + "(" + sig + ")";
          int idx = builder.indexOfSignal(fullSig);
          if (idx != -1) {
            newProp.setNotifySignal(builder.method(idx));
          } else {
            std::cerr << "could not find notify signal signature " << fullSig.constData();
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (PyFunction_Check(value) && PyObject_HasAttr(value, qtSlots)) {
      // A function which has a "_qtSlots" signature list, add the slots to the meta object
      PyObject* signatures = PyObject_GetAttr(value, qtSlots);
      Py_ssize_t count = PyList_Size(signatures);
      for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        PyObject* signature = PyList_GET_ITEM(signatures, i);
        QByteArray sig = PyString_AsString(signature);
        // Split the return type and the rest of the signature,
        // no spaces should be in the rest of the signature...
        QList<QByteArray> parts = sig.split(' ');
        QMetaMethodBuilder method = builder.addSlot(parts[1]);
        // set the return type of the slot
        method.setReturnType(parts[0]);
        needsMetaObject = true;
      }
    }
    // TODO: handle enums, classinfo, ...
  }
  if (needsMetaObject) {
    type->_dynamicClassInfo->_dynamicMetaObject = builder.toMetaObject();
    type->_dynamicClassInfo->_classInfo = new PythonQtClassInfo();
    type->_dynamicClassInfo->_classInfo->setupQObject(type->_dynamicClassInfo->_dynamicMetaObject);
  } else {
    // we don't need an own meta object, just use the one from our base class
    type->_dynamicClassInfo->_dynamicMetaObject = prototypeMetaObject;
  }
  return type->_dynamicClassInfo->_dynamicMetaObject;
}


int PythonQtPrivate::handleMetaCall(QObject* object, PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrapper, QMetaObject::Call call, int id, void** args)
{
  const QMetaObject* meta = object->metaObject();
  int methodCount = meta->methodCount();
  if (call == QMetaObject::InvokeMetaMethod) {
    QMetaMethod method = meta->method(id);
    if (method.methodType() == QMetaMethod::Signal) {
      // just emit the signal, there is no Python code
      QMetaObject::activate(object, id, args);
    } else {
      PYTHONQT_GIL_SCOPE
      callMethodInPython(method, wrapper, args);
    }
  } else {
    PYTHONQT_GIL_SCOPE
    QMetaProperty metaProp = meta->property(id);
    if (!metaProp.isValid()) {
      return id - methodCount;
    }
    PythonQtProperty* prop = nullptr;
    // Get directly from the Python class, since we don't want to get the value of the property
    PyObject* maybeProp = PyBaseObject_Type.tp_getattro((PyObject*)wrapper, PyString_FromString(metaProp.name()));
    if (maybeProp && PythonQtProperty_Check(maybeProp)) {
      prop = (PythonQtProperty*)maybeProp;
    } else {
      return id - methodCount;
    }
    const PythonQtMethodInfo::ParameterInfo& info = PythonQtMethodInfo::getParameterInfoForMetaType(metaProp.userType());

    if (call == QMetaObject::WriteProperty) {
      PyObject* value = PythonQtConv::ConvertQtValueToPython(info, args[0]);
      bool ok = prop->data->callSetter((PyObject*)wrapper, value);
      Py_XDECREF(value);

      return ok ? 0 : -1;

    } else if (call == QMetaObject::ReadProperty) {

      PyObject* value = prop->data->callGetter((PyObject*)wrapper);
      if (value) {
        void* result = PythonQtConv::ConvertPythonToQt(info, value, false, nullptr, args[0]);
        Py_DECREF(value);
        return (result == nullptr ? -1 : 0);
      } else {
        return -1;
      }
    } else if (call == QMetaObject::ResetProperty) {
      bool ok = prop->data->callReset((PyObject*)wrapper);
      return ok ? 0 : -1;
    }
  }
  return id - methodCount;
}

void PythonQtPrivate::callMethodInPython(QMetaMethod &method, PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrapper, void** args)
{
  PyObject* func = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject*)wrapper, method.name());
  if (func) {
    const PythonQtMethodInfo* methodInfo = PythonQtMethodInfo::getCachedMethodInfo(method, nullptr);
    PyObject* result = PythonQtSignalTarget::call(func, methodInfo, args, false);
    if (result) {
      PythonQtConv::ConvertPythonToQt(methodInfo->parameters().at(0), result, false, nullptr, args[0]);
      // TODO: handle error?
    //PythonQt::priv()->handleVirtualOverloadReturnError("devType", methodInfo, result);
    }
    Py_XDECREF(result);
    Py_DECREF(func);
  }
}

QString PythonQtPrivate::getSignature(PyObject* object)
{
  QString signature;
  
  if (object) {
    PyMethodObject* method = nullptr;
    PyFunctionObject* func = nullptr;
    
    bool decrefMethod = false;
    
    if (PythonQtUtils::isPythonClassType(object)) {
      method = (PyMethodObject*)PyObject_GetAttrString(object, "__init__");
      decrefMethod = true;
    } else if (object->ob_type == &PyFunction_Type) {
      func = (PyFunctionObject*)object;
    } else if (object->ob_type == &PyMethod_Type) {
      method = (PyMethodObject*)object;
    }
    if (method)  {
      if (PyFunction_Check(method->im_func)) {
        func = (PyFunctionObject*)method->im_func;
      } else if (isMethodDescriptor((PyObject*)method)) {
        QString docstr;
        PyObject* doc = PyObject_GetAttrString(object, "__doc__");
        if (doc) {
          docstr = PyString_AsString(doc);
          Py_DECREF(doc);
        }

        PyObject* s = PyObject_GetAttrString(object, "__name__");
        if (s) {
          Q_ASSERT(PyString_Check(s));
          signature = PyString_AsString(s);
          if (docstr.startsWith(signature + "(")) {
            signature = docstr;
          } else {
            signature += "(...)";
            if (!docstr.isEmpty()) {
              signature += "\n\n" + docstr;
            }
          }
          Py_DECREF(s);
        }
      }
    }
    
    if (func) {
      QString funcName;
      PyObject* s = PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject*)func, "__name__");
      if (s) {
        Q_ASSERT(PyString_Check(s));
        funcName = PyString_AsString(s);
        Py_DECREF(s);
      }
      if (method && funcName == "__init__") {
        PyObject* s = PyObject_GetAttrString(object, "__name__");
        if (s) {
          Q_ASSERT(PyString_Check(s));
          funcName = PyString_AsString(s);
          Py_DECREF(s);
        }
      }
        
      QStringList arguments;
      QStringList defaults;
      QString varargs;
      QString varkeywords;
      // NOTE: This implementation is based on function getargs() in inspect.py.
      //       inspect.getargs() can handle anonymous (tuple) arguments, while this code does not.
      //       It can be implemented, but it may be rarely needed and not necessary.
      PyCodeObject* code = (PyCodeObject*)func->func_code;
      if (auto co_varnames = PyCode_GetVarnames(code)) {
        int nargs = code->co_argcount;
        Q_ASSERT(PyTuple_Check(co_varnames));
        for (int i=0; i<nargs; i++) {
          PyObject* name = PyTuple_GetItem(co_varnames, i);
          Q_ASSERT(PyString_Check(name));
          arguments << PyString_AsString(name);
        }
        if (code->co_flags & CO_VARARGS) {
          PyObject* s = PyTuple_GetItem(co_varnames, nargs);
          Q_ASSERT(PyString_Check(s));
          varargs = PyString_AsString(s);
          nargs += 1;
        }
        if (code->co_flags & CO_VARKEYWORDS) {
          PyObject* s = PyTuple_GetItem(co_varnames, nargs);
          Q_ASSERT(PyString_Check(s));
          varkeywords = PyString_AsString(s);
        }
        Py_DECREF(co_varnames);
      }
      
      PyObject* defaultsTuple = func->func_defaults;
      if (defaultsTuple) {
        Q_ASSERT(PyTuple_Check(defaultsTuple));
        for (Py_ssize_t i=0; i<PyTuple_Size(defaultsTuple); i++) {
          PyObject* d = PyTuple_GetItem(defaultsTuple, i);
          PyObject* s = PyObject_Repr(d);
          Q_ASSERT(PyString_Check(s));
          defaults << PyString_AsString(s);
          Py_DECREF(s);
        }
      }
      
      int firstdefault = arguments.size() - defaults.size();
      for (int i=0; i<arguments.size(); i++) {
        if (!signature.isEmpty()) { signature += ", "; }
        if (!method || i>0 || arguments[i] != "self") {
          signature += arguments[i];
          if (i >= firstdefault) {
            signature += "=" + defaults[i-firstdefault];
          }
        }
      }
      if (!varargs.isEmpty()) {
        if (!signature.isEmpty()) { signature += ", "; }
        signature += "*" + varargs;
      }
      if (!varkeywords.isEmpty()) {
        if (!signature.isEmpty()) { signature += ", "; }
        signature += "**" + varkeywords;
      }
      signature = funcName + "(" + signature + ")";
    }
    
    if (method && decrefMethod) {
      Py_DECREF(method);
    }
  }
  
  return signature;
}

void PythonQtPrivate::shellClassDeleted( void* shellClass )
{
  PYTHONQT_GIL_SCOPE

  PythonQtInstanceWrapper* wrap = _wrappedObjects.value(shellClass);
  if (wrap) {
    if (wrap->_wrappedPtr) {
      // this is a pure C++ wrapper and the shell has gone, so we need
      // to set the _wrappedPtr to NULL on the wrapper
      wrap->_wrappedPtr = nullptr;
      // and then we remove the wrapper, since the wrapped class is gone
      _wrappedObjects.remove(shellClass);
    }
    // if the wrapper is a QObject, we do not handle this here,
    // it will be handled by the QPointer<> to the QObject, which becomes NULL
    // via the QObject destructor.

    // if the shell was owned by C++ and is deleted via C++, we
    // need to decrement the ref-count of the wrapper so that is can
    // be released.
    if (wrap->_shellInstanceRefCountsWrapper) {
      Py_DECREF((PyObject*)wrap);
      wrap->_shellInstanceRefCountsWrapper = false;
    }
  }
}

PyObject* PythonQtPrivate::wrapMemoryAsBuffer( const void* data, Py_ssize_t size )
{
#ifdef PY3K
  return PyMemoryView_FromMemory((char*)data, size, PyBUF_READ);
#else
  return PyBuffer_FromMemory((char*)data, size);
#endif
}

PyObject* PythonQtPrivate::wrapMemoryAsBuffer( void* data, Py_ssize_t size )
{
#ifdef PY3K
  return PyMemoryView_FromMemory((char*)data, size, PyBUF_WRITE);
#else
  return PyBuffer_FromReadWriteMemory((char*)data, size);
#endif
}

PythonQtClassInfo* PythonQtPrivate::getClassInfo( const QMetaObject* meta )
{
  return getClassInfo(QByteArray(meta->className()));
}

PythonQtClassInfo* PythonQtPrivate::getClassInfo( const QByteArray& className )
{
  PythonQtClassInfo* result = _knownClassInfos.value(className);
  if (!result) {
    static bool recursion = false;
    if (!recursion) {
      if (_knownLazyClasses.contains(className)) {
        QByteArray module = _knownLazyClasses.value(className);
        recursion = true;
        PyImport_ImportModule(module);
        recursion = false;
        result = _knownClassInfos.value(className);
        if (!result) {
          std::cerr << "PythonQt lazy import " << module.constData() << " did not resolve " << className.constData() <<std::endl;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return result;
}

void PythonQtPrivate::registerLazyClass( const QByteArray& name, const QByteArray& moduleToImport )
{
  _knownLazyClasses.insert(name, moduleToImport);
}