fix(bigquery-jdbc): preserve microsecond precision for TIME in getString() and LocalTime conversions

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryArrowArray.java

@@ -111,10 +111,7 @@ public void free() {
   @Override
   Object getCoercedValue(int index) throws SQLException {
     LOG.finestTrace("getCoercedValue");
-    Object value = this.values.get(index);
-    if (value instanceof Text) {
-      value = value.toString();
-    }
+    Object value = getRawElement(index);
     if (this.arrayOfStruct) {
       return new BigQueryArrowStruct(
           schema.getSubFields(),
@@ -127,4 +124,10 @@ Object getCoercedValue(int index) throws SQLException {
     }
     return BigQueryTypeRegistry.convert(value, this.schema.getType().getStandardType(), null);
   }
+
+  @Override
+  Object getRawElement(int index) {
+    Object value = this.values.get(index);
+    return (value instanceof Text) ? value.toString() : value;
+  }
 }

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryArrowResultSet.java

@@ -323,7 +323,8 @@ else if (this.currentBatchRowIndex < this.vectorSchemaRoot.getRowCount()) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  private Object getObjectInternal(int columnIndex) throws SQLException {
+  @Override
+  Object getObjectInternal(int columnIndex) throws SQLException {
     LOG.finestTrace("getObjectInternal");
     checkClosed();
     Object value;

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryArrowStruct.java

@@ -36,8 +36,7 @@
 class BigQueryArrowStruct extends BigQueryBaseStruct {
 
   private final FieldList schema;
-
-  private final JsonStringHashMap<?, ?> values;
+  private final List<?> values;
 
   BigQueryArrowStruct(FieldList schema, JsonStringHashMap<?, ?> values) {
     this(schema, values, false, BigQueryJdbcResultSetLogger.getLogger(BigQueryArrowStruct.class));
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ class BigQueryArrowStruct extends BigQueryBaseStruct {
       BigQueryJdbcResultSetLogger log) {
     super(enableTimestampPicos, log);
     this.schema = schema;
-    this.values = values;
+    this.values = values == null ? null : new ArrayList<>(values.values());
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -67,22 +66,17 @@ public Object[] getAttributes() throws SQLException {
     if (this.values == null) {
       return attributes;
     }
-    List<?> structValues = new ArrayList<>(this.values.values());
 
     for (int index = 0; index < size; index++) {
       Field currentSchema = this.schema.get(index);
-      Object currentValue = structValues.get(index);
-      Object coercedValue = getValue(currentSchema, currentValue);
+      Object coercedValue = getValue(currentSchema, getRawAttribute(index));
       Array.set(attributes, index, coercedValue);
     }
     return attributes;
   }
 
   private Object getValue(Field currentSchema, Object currentValue) throws SQLException {
     LOG.finestTrace("getValue");
-    if (currentValue instanceof Text) {
-      currentValue = currentValue.toString();
-    }
     if (isArray(currentSchema)) {
       return new BigQueryArrowArray(
           currentSchema,
@@ -107,4 +101,10 @@ private Object getValue(Field currentSchema, Object currentValue) throws SQLExce
     return BigQueryTypeRegistry.convert(
         currentValue, currentSchema.getType().getStandardType(), null);
   }
+
+  @Override
+  Object getRawAttribute(int index) {
+    Object currentValue = this.values.get(index);
+    return (currentValue instanceof Text) ? currentValue.toString() : currentValue;
+  }
 }

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryBaseArray.java

@@ -159,6 +159,8 @@ protected Class<?> getTargetClass() {
 
   abstract Object getCoercedValue(int index) throws SQLException;
 
+  abstract Object getRawElement(int index);
+
   static boolean isArray(Field currentSchema) {
     return currentSchema.getMode() == REPEATED;
   }
@@ -191,6 +193,21 @@ public String toString() {
                 })
             .collect(Collectors.joining(", ", "[", "]"));
       }
+      if (this.schema.getType().getStandardType() == StandardSQLTypeName.TIME) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("[");
+        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+          if (i > 0) {
+            sb.append(", ");
+          }
+          sb.append(
+              array[i] == null
+                  ? "null"
+                  : BigQueryTypeRegistry.convert(
+                      getRawElement(i), StandardSQLTypeName.TIME, String.class, null));
+        }
+        sb.append("]");
+        return sb.toString();
+      }
       return Arrays.deepToString(array);
     } catch (SQLException e) {
       LOG.warning("Error converting array to string");

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryBaseResultSet.java

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 import java.sql.Statement;
 import java.sql.Time;
 import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.LocalTime;
 import java.time.ZoneId;
 import java.util.Calendar;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -310,10 +311,18 @@ protected Object getObject(int columnIndex, ZoneId zone) throws SQLException {
     return getObject(columnIndex);
   }
 
+  abstract Object getObjectInternal(int columnIndex) throws SQLException;
+
   @Override
   public <T> T getObject(int columnIndex, Class<T> type) throws SQLException {
     LOG.finestTrace("getObject");
     try {
+      if (type == LocalTime.class || type == String.class) {
+        StandardSQLTypeName bqType = getStandardSQLTypeName(columnIndex);
+        if (bqType == StandardSQLTypeName.TIME) {
+          return BigQueryTypeRegistry.convert(getObjectInternal(columnIndex), bqType, type, null);
+        }
+      }
       Object value = getObject(columnIndex);
       if (value == null) {
         return null;

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryBaseStruct.java

@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ abstract class BigQueryBaseStruct implements java.sql.Struct {
 
   abstract FieldList getSchema();
 
+  abstract Object getRawAttribute(int index);
+
   @Override
   public final String getSQLTypeName() throws SQLException {
     return StandardSQLTypeName.STRUCT.name();
@@ -95,6 +97,13 @@ public String toString() {
           sb.append("\"")
               .append(BigQueryTemporalUtility.formatTimestampToUtcString((Timestamp) value))
               .append("\"");
+        } else if (value instanceof Time
+            && field.getType().getStandardType() == StandardSQLTypeName.TIME) {
+          sb.append("\"")
+              .append(
+                  BigQueryTypeRegistry.convert(
+                      getRawAttribute(i), StandardSQLTypeName.TIME, String.class, null))
+              .append("\"");
         } else if (value instanceof Timestamp || value instanceof Date || value instanceof Time) {
           sb.append("\"").append(value.toString()).append("\"");
         } else if (value instanceof byte[]) {

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryJsonArray.java

@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ public void free() {
   @Override
   Object getCoercedValue(int index) throws SQLException {
     LOG.finestTrace("getCoercedValue");
-    FieldValue fieldValue = this.values.get(index);
-    if (fieldValue == null || fieldValue.isNull()) {
+    FieldValue fieldValue = getRawElement(index);
+    if (fieldValue == null) {
       return null;
     }
     if (this.arrayOfStruct) {
@@ -131,4 +131,10 @@ Object getCoercedValue(int index) throws SQLException {
     }
     return BigQueryTypeRegistry.convert(fieldValue, this.schema.getType().getStandardType(), null);
   }
+
+  @Override
+  FieldValue getRawElement(int index) {
+    FieldValue fieldValue = this.values.get(index);
+    return (fieldValue == null || fieldValue.isNull()) ? null : fieldValue;
+  }
 }

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryJsonResultSet.java

@@ -338,7 +338,8 @@ static boolean isRangeTimestamp(Field field) {
    * @param columnIndex the first column is 1, the second is 2, ...
    * @return an instance of {@link FieldValue} represents value at <code>columnIndex</code> column.
    */
-  private FieldValue getObjectInternal(int columnIndex) throws SQLException {
+  @Override
+  FieldValue getObjectInternal(int columnIndex) throws SQLException {
     checkClosed();
     LOG.finestTrace("getObjectInternal");
     FieldValue value;

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryJsonStruct.java

@@ -59,19 +59,21 @@ public Object[] getAttributes() throws SQLException {
     LOG.finestTrace("getAttributes");
     int size = schema.size();
     Object[] attributes = (Object[]) Array.newInstance(Object.class, size);
+    if (this.values == null) {
+      return attributes;
+    }
 
     for (int index = 0; index < size; index++) {
       Field currentSchema = schema.get(index);
-      FieldValue currentValue = values == null ? null : values.get(index);
-      Object coercedValue = getValue(currentSchema, currentValue);
+      Object coercedValue = getValue(currentSchema, getRawAttribute(index));
       Array.set(attributes, index, coercedValue);
     }
     return attributes;
   }
 
   private Object getValue(Field currentSchema, FieldValue currentValue) throws SQLException {
     LOG.finestTrace("getValue");
-    if (currentValue == null || currentValue.isNull()) {
+    if (currentValue == null) {
       return null;
     }
     if (isArray(currentSchema)) {
@@ -94,4 +96,10 @@ private Object getValue(Field currentSchema, FieldValue currentValue) throws SQL
     return BigQueryTypeRegistry.convert(
         currentValue, currentSchema.getType().getStandardType(), null);
   }
+
+  @Override
+  FieldValue getRawAttribute(int index) {
+    FieldValue currentValue = this.values.get(index);
+    return (currentValue == null || currentValue.isNull()) ? null : currentValue;
+  }
 }

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryTemporalUtility.java

@@ -57,6 +57,11 @@ final class BigQueryTemporalUtility {
           .appendFraction(ChronoField.NANO_OF_SECOND, 1, 9, false)
           .toFormatter()
           .withZone(ZoneOffset.UTC);
+  static final DateTimeFormatter TIME_FORMATTER =
+      new DateTimeFormatterBuilder()
+          .appendPattern("HH:mm:ss")
+          .appendFraction(ChronoField.NANO_OF_SECOND, 0, 9, true)
+          .toFormatter();
   static final String TIMESTAMP_PICOSECONDS_TYPE_NAME = "TIMESTAMP_PICOSECONDS";
 
   private BigQueryTemporalUtility() {}

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryTypeRegistry.java

@@ -58,8 +58,6 @@ final class BigQueryTypeRegistry {
 
   private static final DateTimeFormatter TIMESTAMP_FORMATTER =
       DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSSSSS");
-  private static final DateTimeFormatter TIME_FORMATTER =
-      DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("HH:mm:ss.SSS");
 
   static {
     DESCRIPTORS_BY_ORDINAL = new TypeDescriptor<?>[StandardSQLTypeName.values().length];
@@ -122,7 +120,10 @@ static TypeDescriptor<?> createStringDescriptor() {
             return TIMESTAMP_FORMATTER.format(((Timestamp) val).toLocalDateTime());
           }
           if (val instanceof Time) {
-            return TIME_FORMATTER.format(((Time) val).toLocalTime());
+            return BigQueryTemporalUtility.TIME_FORMATTER.format(
+                Instant.ofEpochMilli(((Time) val).getTime())
+                    .atZone(ZoneId.systemDefault())
+                    .toLocalTime());
           }
           return String.valueOf(val);
         });
@@ -402,16 +403,31 @@ static TypeDescriptor<?> createTimeDescriptor() {
         StandardSQLTypeName.TIME,
         Arrays.asList(Time.class, LocalTime.class),
         (val, targetClass, zone) -> {
-          if (targetClass == LocalTime.class) {
+          if (targetClass == LocalTime.class || targetClass == String.class) {
+            LocalTime localTime = null;
             if (val instanceof LocalTime) {
-              return val;
+              localTime = (LocalTime) val;
             } else if (val instanceof String) {
               // Fast Path: Parse directly to LocalTime to preserve microsecond precision
-              return LocalTime.parse((String) val);
+              localTime =
+                  LocalTime.parse(
+                      BigQueryTemporalUtility.truncateFractionalSeconds((String) val, 9));
+            } else if (val instanceof Long) {
+              localTime = LocalTime.ofNanoOfDay((Long) val * 1_000L);
             } else if (val instanceof LocalDateTime) {
-              return ((LocalDateTime) val).toLocalTime();
+              localTime = ((LocalDateTime) val).toLocalTime();
             } else if (val instanceof Timestamp) {
-              return ((Timestamp) val).toLocalDateTime().toLocalTime();
+              localTime = ((Timestamp) val).toLocalDateTime().toLocalTime();
+            } else if (val instanceof Time) {
+              localTime =
+                  Instant.ofEpochMilli(((Time) val).getTime())
+                      .atZone(ZoneId.systemDefault())
+                      .toLocalTime();
+            }
+            if (localTime != null) {
+              return targetClass == String.class
+                  ? BigQueryTemporalUtility.TIME_FORMATTER.format(localTime)
+                  : localTime;
             }
           }
 
@@ -421,7 +437,7 @@ else if (val instanceof Timestamp) {
             ZoneId targetZone = zone != null ? zone : ZoneId.systemDefault();
             LocalTime localTime = ((Timestamp) val).toInstant().atZone(targetZone).toLocalTime();
             sqlTime = BigQueryTemporalUtility.boxTime(localTime, zone);
-          } else if (val instanceof java.sql.Date) {
+          } else if (val instanceof Date) {
             throw new BigQueryJdbcException("Cannot convert to TIME: " + val);
           } else if (val instanceof java.util.Date)
             sqlTime = new Time(((java.util.Date) val).getTime());

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryArrowArrayOfPrimitivesTest.java

@@ -472,4 +472,30 @@ public void testArrowArrayTimestampPicosDisabled() throws SQLException {
     assertThat(rs.getString(2)).isEqualTo("2026-04-08 10:00:00.123456");
     assertThat(rs.getObject(2)).isEqualTo(expectedTs);
   }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testArrowArrayTimePreservesMicroseconds() throws SQLException {
+    long t1Micros = (14L * 3600 + 30L * 60) * 1_000_000L + 123_456L;
+    long t2Micros = (23L * 3600 + 59L * 60 + 59L) * 1_000_000L + 999_999L;
+    long t3Micros = 3600L * 1_000_000L; // 01:00:00
+    Tuple<Field, JsonStringArrayList<Object>> schemaAndValue =
+        arrowArraySchemaAndValue(TIME, t1Micros, t2Micros, t3Micros);
+    BigQueryArrowArray array = new BigQueryArrowArray(schemaAndValue.x(), schemaAndValue.y());
+
+    assertThat(array.toString()).isEqualTo("[14:30:00.123456, 23:59:59.999999, 01:00:00]");
+
+    try (ResultSet rs = array.getResultSet()) {
+      assertThat(rs.next()).isTrue();
+      assertThat(rs.getString(2)).isEqualTo("14:30:00.123456");
+      assertThat(rs.getObject(2, LocalTime.class)).isEqualTo(LocalTime.of(14, 30, 0, 123_456_000));
+
+      assertThat(rs.next()).isTrue();
+      assertThat(rs.getString(2)).isEqualTo("23:59:59.999999");
+      assertThat(rs.getObject(2, LocalTime.class)).isEqualTo(LocalTime.of(23, 59, 59, 999_999_000));
+
+      assertThat(rs.next()).isTrue();
+      assertThat(rs.getString(2)).isEqualTo("01:00:00");
+      assertThat(rs.getObject(2, LocalTime.class)).isEqualTo(LocalTime.of(1, 0, 0));
+    }
+  }
 }

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryArrowStructTest.java

@@ -278,4 +278,17 @@ public void testArrowStructTimestampPicosDisabled() throws SQLException {
     Timestamp expectedTs = Timestamp.valueOf("2026-04-08 10:00:00.123456789");
     assertThat(attributes).isEqualTo(new Object[] {expectedTs});
   }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testArrowStructTimePreservesMicroseconds() {
+    Field timeField = Field.of("t", TIME);
+    FieldList schema = FieldList.of(timeField);
+    long timeMicros = (14L * 3600 + 30L * 60) * 1_000_000L + 123_456L;
+    JsonStringHashMap<String, Object> values = new JsonStringHashMap<>();
+    values.put("t", timeMicros);
+
+    BigQueryArrowStruct struct = new BigQueryArrowStruct(schema, values);
+
+    assertThat(struct.toString()).isEqualTo("{\"t\":\"14:30:00.123456\"}");
+  }
 }

java-bigquery-jdbc/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/bigquery/jdbc/BigQueryJsonArrayOfPrimitivesTest.java

@@ -458,4 +458,27 @@ public void testJsonArrayTimestampPicosDisabled() throws SQLException {
     assertThat(rs.getString(2)).isEqualTo("2023-03-30 11:14:19.123456");
     assertThat(rs.getObject(2)).isEqualTo(expectedTs);
   }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testJsonArrayTimePreservesMicroseconds() throws SQLException {
+    Tuple<Field, FieldValue> schemaAndValue =
+        arraySchemaAndValue(TIME, "14:30:00.123456", "23:59:59.999999", "01:00:00");
+    BigQueryJsonArray array = new BigQueryJsonArray(schemaAndValue.x(), schemaAndValue.y());
+
+    assertThat(array.toString()).isEqualTo("[14:30:00.123456, 23:59:59.999999, 01:00:00]");
+
+    try (ResultSet rs = array.getResultSet()) {
+      assertThat(rs.next()).isTrue();
+      assertThat(rs.getString(2)).isEqualTo("14:30:00.123456");
+      assertThat(rs.getObject(2, LocalTime.class)).isEqualTo(LocalTime.of(14, 30, 0, 123_456_000));
+
+      assertThat(rs.next()).isTrue();
+      assertThat(rs.getString(2)).isEqualTo("23:59:59.999999");
+      assertThat(rs.getObject(2, LocalTime.class)).isEqualTo(LocalTime.of(23, 59, 59, 999_999_000));
+
+      assertThat(rs.next()).isTrue();
+      assertThat(rs.getString(2)).isEqualTo("01:00:00");
+      assertThat(rs.getObject(2, LocalTime.class)).isEqualTo(LocalTime.of(1, 0, 0));
+    }
+  }
 }